Psych Test Review

Jonathan Haidt

many decisions are actually "moral intuitions" : fast, automatic, emotion based judgement

Employing the single word HOMES to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of a(n) _____ aid or device.

mnemonic

Lawrence Kohlberg

moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?

preconventional morality

most children make moral judgement at a self-centered level right = reward wrong = punishment

Procedural memory involves:

motor movement.

Erik Erikson

neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"

Nociceptors

pain receptors

cohorts

people born in the same historical time

kinesthesia

perception of the body's own movements

Progesterone

prepares the uterus for pregnancy

infant

trust vs mistrust

infants around 8 months of age show:

stranger anxiety and separation depression

operant conditioning

type of learning in which a behavior is influenced by the favorable or unfavorable consequences that follow it

nociceptiors travel to spinal chord on thin _____

unmyelinated axons

conventional morality

uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

semicircular canals of the inner ear are responsible for our ____

vestibular sense

cross-sectional study

A type of research design that compares individuals of different ages who are tested at the same historical time (usually drastically decreases over time)

grade schooler

competence vs inferiority

Mary Ainsworth

developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment

Harry and Margaret Harlow

Researchers known for their controversial experiments with monkeys in which they showed that baby monkeys are drawn to mothers that provide comfort rather than simply food. Also showed that monkeys raised in isolation developed severe mental and social deficits

_____ occurs when something learned now interferes with one's ability to recall something learned earlier.

Retroactive interference

One's strongest retrieval cues are often associated _____ information.

Sensory

Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that is being very briefly registered is a process that initially occurs in _____ memory.

Sensory

When learning occurs in the Aplysia snail, the snail releases more of the neurotransmitter _____ at certain synapses.

Serotonin

The amygdala boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming areas when stimulated by:

Stress hormones

Piagent

children's reasoning develops in a series of 4 stages, also described what moral reasoning is

Which course of forgetting BEST describes the typical forgetting curve?

a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

longitudinal study

a type of research design in which the same individuals (from the same cohorts) are tested at several different historical times (intelligence seems to hold steady overtime)

postconventional morality

actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

unconditioned response

an event that automatically triggers a response; no learning is required

When does intelligence peak?

early adulthood, then drops substantially later on

frontal lobes

explicit memory

Most forgetting curves indicate that the course of forgetting is initially rapid but then it levels off with time. One explanation for the shape of the curves is a(n):

gradual fading of the physical memory trace.

chemical messengers carried in the blood

hormones

sensiormotor stage

(0-2) children experience the world through their senses and actions

preoperational stage

(2-6 or 7) children learn to use language and represent things with words and images, but they are unable to reason logically.

concrete operational stage

(about age 7-11) children can think logically about concrete objects and events, and they can perform arithmetic operations

formal operational stage

(age 12- adulthood) teens gain the ability to think logically about abstract concepts

Ainsworth's Strange Situation Experiment

2/3 of infants = secure attachment for caregiver 1/3 = insecure attachment (little stress when caregiver leaves, though they cling when caregiver is around)

Studying for a psychology test requires _____. It takes attention and conscious work, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories.

Effortless processing

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard the news of the Sandy Hook school shootings in Newtown, Connecticut, in 2012. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.

Flashbulb

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

toddler

autonomy vs shame and doubt

securely attached babies

babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment; display stranger anxiety and separation enxiety

how does attachment usually grow?

body contact

fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence

fluid = flexible, quick, abstract thinking crystallized = accumulated knowledge and skills

The network that processes and stores explicit memories includes the _____ and _____.

frontal lobes; hippocampus

middle-aged adult

generativity vs stagnation

teenager

identity vs role confusion

unconditioned response (UR)

in classical conditioning, a response that is automatically triggered by a stimulus event

conditioned stimulus (CS)

in classical conditioning, an initially neutral stimulus that, after conditioning, is able to trigger a response

vestibular sense

in inner ear, detect movement of the head

pre-schooler

initiative vs guilt

older adult

integrity vs despair

Jane often studies Spanish and French back to back right after school. She might have trouble remembering the different vocabulary because she is not minimizing _____.

interference

young adult

intimacy vs isolation

Long term memories are

limitless

Mechanoreceptors

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch

papillae

rough, bumpy elevations on dorsal surface of tongue, containing about 200 taste buds

Recalling something that one had once merely imagined happening as something one had directly experienced BEST illustrates:

source amnesia