Psychology 101 Emotion
Theories of Emotion
cognition does not always precede emotion
Six Basic Universal Emotional Expressions
fear, surprise, happiness, anger, disgust, and sadness (later guilt, shame, pride, and jealousy develop)
Are emotions communicative?
- first impressions happen fast - people smile much more when doing an activity with someone else rather than doing it alone (walking, hockey fans, bowling strikes)
Schachter and Singer's Experiment
1. everyone injected with epinephrine, which triggers feelings of arousal 2. told to expect effects of drugs or not 3. confederate acting either euphoric or irritated 4. participants emotions (either become euphoric or irritated)
Controversies
Does physiological arousal precede or follow emotional experience? Does cognition always precede emotion?
Emotions
a mix of physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and consciously experienced thoughts
Convergent thinking
a single correct answer
How to boost creative process
become an expert, allow time for incubation, set aside roaming time, explore the wold
Bilingual Advantage
bilingual people are skilled at inhibiting one language while using the other, and thanks to their well practiced "executive control" over language, they also are *better at inhibiting their attention to irrelevant information*
Lie Detection
blink less and people leave out pronouns - polygraphs not good at this
Kinesics
body language, facial expression
Cultural Display Rules
culture set rules for eye contact, personal space in conversation, men vs. women
Proxemics
distance, eye contact
Adaptive value
expressions have this because they control the behavior of others
Emblem
gesture that's "universal", but only in one culture
Verbal communication, nonverbal communication, paralinguistic
how do we express/communicate emotion
Divergent thinking
multiple ways of thinking about things (a problem)
Detecting emotions
people are quickest at detecting an angry face in a group than a happy face - people were *faster and more accurate at decoding angry expressions on males face* and *detecting happy expressions on female faces*
Eye contact and liking
people who look the person in the eyes had more affection/emotion toward those people
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
physical facial emotional displays (smiling) lead to emotion being felt - people with pen between teeth (smile) reports being happier
Is there a positive or negative correlations between intelligence scores and brain size?
positive - Bach brain's with deep fissures - Einstein's brain heavy
Genuine vs. Fake Smile
real smile has crinkle around the eyes, fades slower, both elicit happy feelings
Paralinguistics
speech signal - tone pitch volume
Behavior Feedback Effect
tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions
Nonverbal emotion
the meaning of certain patterns is understood by all members of the species
Cannon-Bard Theory
the theory that an emotion stimulus *simultaneously* triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotions
James-Lange theory
the theory that our *experience of emotion is our awareness/noticing/realizing of our physiological response to emotion-arousing stimuli* - we feel sorry bc we cry, angry bc we strike, afraid bc we tremble - notice racing hear or shaking then feel fear
Two-factor (Schachter-Singer) Theory
the theory that to experience emotions one must be *physically* aroused *and cognitively label* the arousal
Gait
the way someone walks; provides information about a person's personality - inmate pick their victims