Psychology 254 Chapter 1-4
The process of adjustment relates to....
*all of these* How people deal with stress Behavior in groups Friendship and love
Which of the following should you look for in self-help books?
*all of these* provide explicit directions about how to alter behavior Focus on a particular kind of problem Some mention of the theoretical or research basis for the advice
A national survey by the American Psychological Association (2015) revealed that _____% of Americans do nothing to manage their stress.
20
Until the 1950s, psychologists were found almost exclusively in...
Academic institutions
Ismelda was born in Mexico, and she and her family immigrated to the United States when she was a child. She is the first in her family to attend college; she grew up bilingual and bicultural in a diverse area of Southern California. Based on this background, which of the following is MOST likely a significant cause of stress for Ismelda?
Acculturation
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of behavioral perspectives?
Behavioral perspectives neglect to explain why people are only moderately consistent in their behavior
On the way to work, Brice went to a new coffeehouse. The baristal told him that there were seven different ways that his morning cup of coffee could be prepared. According to research, it is MOST reasonable to expect that he will experience _____________
Choice overload
Which of the following is NOT one of the three levels of awareness proposed by Freud
Collective unconscious
Which of the following ideas lies at the core of the concept of personality?
Consistency across situation
Big five traits have little correlation with important life outcomes
False
Despite having information at our fingertips through smartphone devices, most of us still complain about not having enough access to information.
False
People who live in areas prone to earthquakes or hurricanes experience less stress because they are used to natural disasters.
False
Maladaptive emotional responses are caused by rigid and logical thinking, according to Ellis.
False
In psychoanalytic theory, failure to move forward from one developmental stage to another is called...
Fixation
Cross-cultural research comparing 51 cultures found...
Germans to be high in openness to experience
Michael typically posts three selfies an hour to his Instagram account. If he does not recieve a number of comments complimenting his apperance, he will take down the photo or use a idfferent filter. Michael is MOST likely....
High in narcissim
An experiment is a research method in which the investigator manipulates the ? variable and observes whether any changes occur in a ? variable as a result
Independent; dependent
are any noticeable alteration in one's life circumstances.
Life changes
Which of the following best describes correlation research
Making systematic observations
A ? is a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.
Personality trait
You're feeling guilty after your third bowl of ice cream. You tell yourself it's all right because yesterday you skipped lunch. This is an example of....
Rationalization
According to Jung, the collective unconscious is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past, which is....
Shared with the entire human race.
Which of the following is NOT a major source of stress described in your textbook?
Socialization
Which of the following is the basis of empiricism
Systematic observation
Brenda's mother told her to stop her overt behavior. To which behavior might her mother be referring?
Tapping her foot
Based on research regarding Big Five personality traits and life outcomes, which of the following hypotheses is MOST justifiable
Those high in openness to experience should be more likely to report experimentation with drugs and alcohol while in college
A study of baseball players' smiles indicated that positive emotions are related to increased longevity.
True
Defense mechanisms are largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from painful emotions
True
Narcissism is increasingly observed among those of higher socioeconomic status
True
One of the criticisms of self-help books is that they tend to use psychobabble rather than empirical evidence.
True
Socital advances have provided us with increased freedom to choose between multiple alternatives in a variety of contexts. This choice overload appears to be positively correlated with rumination, post decision regret, and anticipated regret.
True
Constructive coping involves confronting problems directly.
True
Coping processes range from the helpful to the counterproductive.
True
Psycho dynamic theories of personality tend to focus on
Unconscious mental processes
Current research indicates that
We have little reason to believe that change is inevitably stressful
With technology such as Facebook available, Americans report....
a sense of loneliness and isolation related to the superficial communication in the online world
Which of the following MOST accurately paraphrases the key themes of the textbook definition of stress? Stress is any event or circumstance that _______________
causes reduced coping abilities
Threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no apparent time limit are referred to as
chronic stress
Efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands caused by stress in one's life are collectively known as _____________________.
coping
Research findings on minor hassles suggest that the effects of stress are
cumulative or additive
Joe has been arrested more than once for driving under the influence of alcohol. When you ask him about how he is managing his drinking problem, he says, "I don't have a drinking problem; I have a getting caught problem!" He is most likely using to manage his difficulties.
denial
The paradox of progress is the notion that ____________
despite unparalleled advances in technology, we seem to have more social and personal difficulties
Archetypes are....
emotionally charged images and thought forms that have a universal meaning
Humanism is a theoretical orientation that...
emphasizes unique human qualities such as free will and growth potential
Many self-help books..
encourage a narcissitic approach to life
Gratifying frustrated desires by thinking about imaginary achievements and satisfactions refers to the defense mechanism called
fantasy
Psychobabble is the best defined as....
ill-defined terminology
The cultural syndrome of ? involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group membership
individualism
Gary is quite the homebody. He prefers a quiet Friday night on the couch-unlike his roommate, Larry, who likes to be out all hours of the night at parties in the city. Based on this distinction between the roommates, Gary is ?, and Larry is ?
low in extraversion; High in extraversion
The correlation between test-related anxiety and exam performance is thought to be
negative
The strengthening of a response leading to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is...
negative reinforcement
The technological advances of the past century, impressive though they may be, have not led to perceptible improvement in our collective health and happiness. This issue is known as the __________
paradox of progress
Rogers emphasized a person's subjective point of view, which he called
person-centered
Primary appraisal is an initial evaluation of whether an event is
relevant and stressful
The experimental and control groups should be the same in every respect except for the...
variation created by the manipulation of the independent variable
According to a poll by the APA (2015), _______________ were the top three reported stressors.
work, money, and the economy
Michaela is a former basketball player. She reveled in the chance to take the last-second shot and win the game for her team. Now, as a former athlete, Michaela has adopted this competitor mindset in her business career. She enjoys being called on to make the tough sale after her coworkers are unable to close the deal. Despite being in a high-stress business environment, Michaela is demonstrating which of the following?
A stress-is-enhancing mindset.
Generally, which kind of conflict tends to be the least stressful?
Approach-approach.
Which of the following is an example of the coping strategy known as behavioral disengagement?
Dropping a class because it is evident that one needs to take one of the recommended prerequisites.
Which of the following is NOT true of giving up as a response to stress?
It urges people on to be more competitive.
Which of the following is an example of positive reinterpretation?
Looking for something good in a bad experience.
Ramon recently lost his job. He has been searching online for job openings and has an appointment with a placement agency. Which constructive coping tactic is Ramon using?
Problem-focused.
The "fight-or-flight" response was first described by
Walter Cannon.
If a potentially stressful event is viewed with alarm, the stress may trigger ________________
all of these responses. an emotional response. a physiological response. a behavioral response.
There is evidence that stress is related to
all of these.
Positive reinterpretation uses
all of these. a commonsense strategy. a positive comparison strategy. imagining yourself in a similar situation with a worse outcome.
If you enroll in a Research Methods course without taking the prerequisites, might be the most adaptive coping strategy.
behavioral disengagement
The Social Readjustment Rating Scale was designed to measure
change-related stress.
The term "ambient stress" refers to
chronic environmental conditions that place adaptive demands on people.
When things are going poorly in one area of life, one may compensate by pursuing substitute forms of satisfaction. This coping strategy is referred to as
developing alternative rewards.
If you yell at your little sister after having a fight with your girlfriend, you may be diverting your anger through the use of
displacement.
The four major types of stress described in your textbook are
frustration, internal conflict, pressure, and change.
The Spotlight on Research study (Sproesser et al., 2014) investigated the food consumption of __________ (or "stress eaters") and __________ (those who eat less when stressed).
hyperphagics; hypophagics
According to Taylor and Brown, depressed subjects exhibit favorable and realistic self-concepts than do "normal" people.
less; more
George realized that while his car was totaled, everyone involved in the accident was alive. This helped him deal with the stress of his accident through
meaning-focused coping.
According to Albert Ellis, our emotional reactions to life events result mainly from
our appraisals of the events.
