Psychology 254 Chapter 1-4

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The process of adjustment relates to....

*all of these* How people deal with stress Behavior in groups Friendship and love

Which of the following should you look for in self-help books?

*all of these* provide explicit directions about how to alter behavior Focus on a particular kind of problem Some mention of the theoretical or research basis for the advice

​A national survey by the American Psychological Association (2015) revealed that _____% of Americans do nothing to manage their stress.

20

Until the 1950s, psychologists were found almost exclusively in...

Academic institutions

Ismelda was born in Mexico, and she and her family immigrated to the United States when she was a child. She is the first in her family to attend college; she grew up bilingual and bicultural in a diverse area of Southern California. Based on this background, which of the following is MOST likely a significant cause of stress for Ismelda? ​

Acculturation

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of behavioral perspectives?

Behavioral perspectives neglect to explain why people are only moderately consistent in their behavior

On the way to work, Brice went to a new coffeehouse. The baristal told him that there were seven different ways that his morning cup of coffee could be prepared. According to research, it is MOST reasonable to expect that he will experience _____________

Choice overload

Which of the following is NOT one of the three levels of awareness proposed by Freud

Collective unconscious

Which of the following ideas lies at the core of the concept of personality?

Consistency across situation

Big five traits have little correlation with important life outcomes

False

Despite having information at our fingertips through smartphone devices, most of us still complain about not having enough access to information.

False

People who live in areas prone to earthquakes or hurricanes experience less stress because they are used to natural disasters.​

False

​Maladaptive emotional responses are caused by rigid and logical thinking, according to Ellis.

False

In psychoanalytic theory, failure to move forward from one developmental stage to another is called...

Fixation

Cross-cultural research comparing 51 cultures found...

Germans to be high in openness to experience

Michael typically posts three selfies an hour to his Instagram account. If he does not recieve a number of comments complimenting his apperance, he will take down the photo or use a idfferent filter. Michael is MOST likely....

High in narcissim

An experiment is a research method in which the investigator manipulates the ? variable and observes whether any changes occur in a ? variable as a result

Independent; dependent

​ are any noticeable alteration in one's life circumstances.

Life changes

Which of the following best describes correlation research

Making systematic observations

A ? is a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.

Personality trait

You're feeling guilty after your third bowl of ice cream. You tell yourself it's all right because yesterday you skipped lunch. This is an example of....

Rationalization

According to Jung, the collective unconscious is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past, which is....

Shared with the entire human race.

Which of the following is NOT a major source of stress described in your textbook?​

Socialization

Which of the following is the basis of empiricism

Systematic observation

Brenda's mother told her to stop her overt behavior. To which behavior might her mother be referring?

Tapping her foot

Based on research regarding Big Five personality traits and life outcomes, which of the following hypotheses is MOST justifiable

Those high in openness to experience should be more likely to report experimentation with drugs and alcohol while in college

A study of baseball players' smiles indicated that positive emotions are related to increased longevity.​

True

Defense mechanisms are largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from painful emotions

True

Narcissism is increasingly observed among those of higher socioeconomic status

True

One of the criticisms of self-help books is that they tend to use psychobabble rather than empirical evidence.

True

Socital advances have provided us with increased freedom to choose between multiple alternatives in a variety of contexts. This choice overload appears to be positively correlated with rumination, post decision regret, and anticipated regret.

True

​Constructive coping involves confronting problems directly.

True

​Coping processes range from the helpful to the counterproductive.

True

Psycho dynamic theories of personality tend to focus on

Unconscious mental processes

Current research indicates that​

We have little reason to believe that change is inevitably stressful

With technology such as Facebook available, Americans report....

a sense of loneliness and isolation related to the superficial communication in the online world

Which of the following MOST accurately paraphrases the key themes of the textbook definition of stress? Stress is any event or circumstance that _______________​

causes reduced coping abilities

​Threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no apparent time limit are referred to as

chronic stress

​Efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands caused by stress in one's life are collectively known as _____________________.

coping

Research findings on minor hassles suggest that the effects of stress are​

cumulative or additive

​Joe has been arrested more than once for driving under the influence of alcohol. When you ask him about how he is managing his drinking problem, he says, "I don't have a drinking problem; I have a getting caught problem!" He is most likely using to manage his difficulties.

denial

The paradox of progress is the notion that ____________

despite unparalleled advances in technology, we seem to have more social and personal difficulties

Archetypes are....

emotionally charged images and thought forms that have a universal meaning

Humanism is a theoretical orientation that...

emphasizes unique human qualities such as free will and growth potential

Many self-help books..

encourage a narcissitic approach to life

​Gratifying frustrated desires by thinking about imaginary achievements and satisfactions refers to the defense mechanism called

fantasy

Psychobabble is the best defined as....

ill-defined terminology

The cultural syndrome of ? involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group membership

individualism

Gary is quite the homebody. He prefers a quiet Friday night on the couch-unlike his roommate, Larry, who likes to be out all hours of the night at parties in the city. Based on this distinction between the roommates, Gary is ?, and Larry is ?

low in extraversion; High in extraversion

The correlation between test-related anxiety and exam performance is thought to be​

negative

The strengthening of a response leading to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is...

negative reinforcement

The technological advances of the past century, impressive though they may be, have not led to perceptible improvement in our collective health and happiness. This issue is known as the __________

paradox of progress

Rogers emphasized a person's subjective point of view, which he called

person-centered

​Primary appraisal is an initial evaluation of whether an event is

relevant and stressful

The experimental and control groups should be the same in every respect except for the...

variation created by the manipulation of the independent variable

According to a poll by the APA (2015), _______________ were the top three reported stressors.​

work, money, and the economy

Michaela is a former basketball player. She reveled in the chance to take the last-second shot and win the game for her team. Now, as a former athlete, Michaela has adopted this competitor mindset in her business career. She enjoys being called on to make the tough sale after her coworkers are unable to close the deal. Despite being in a high-stress business environment, Michaela is demonstrating which of the following? ​

​A stress-is-enhancing mindset.

Generally, which kind of conflict tends to be the least stressful?​

​Approach-approach.

​Which of the following is an example of the coping strategy known as behavioral disengagement?

​Dropping a class because it is evident that one needs to take one of the recommended prerequisites.

​Which of the following is NOT true of giving up as a response to stress?

​It urges people on to be more competitive.

​Which of the following is an example of positive reinterpretation?

​Looking for something good in a bad experience.

​Ramon recently lost his job. He has been searching online for job openings and has an appointment with a placement agency. Which constructive coping tactic is Ramon using?

​Problem-focused.

​The "fight-or-flight" response was first described by

​Walter Cannon.

If a potentially stressful event is viewed with alarm, the stress may trigger ________________​

​all of these responses. ​an emotional response. ​a physiological response. ​a behavioral response.

​There is evidence that stress is related to

​all of these.

​Positive reinterpretation uses

​all of these. ​a commonsense strategy. ​a positive comparison strategy. ​imagining yourself in a similar situation with a worse outcome.

If you enroll in a Research Methods course without taking the prerequisites, might be the most adaptive coping strategy. ​

​behavioral disengagement

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale was designed to measure​

​change-related stress.

The term "ambient stress" refers to​

​chronic environmental conditions that place adaptive demands on people.

​When things are going poorly in one area of life, one may compensate by pursuing substitute forms of satisfaction. This coping strategy is referred to as

​developing alternative rewards.

If you yell at your little sister after having a fight with your girlfriend, you may be diverting your anger through the use of​

​displacement.

​The four major types of stress described in your textbook are

​frustration, internal conflict, pressure, and change.

The Spotlight on Research study (Sproesser et al., 2014) investigated the food consumption of __________ (or "stress eaters") and __________ (those who eat less when stressed). ​

​hyperphagics; hypophagics

​According to Taylor and Brown, depressed subjects exhibit favorable and realistic self-concepts than do "normal" people.

​less; more

​George realized that while his car was totaled, everyone involved in the accident was alive. This helped him deal with the stress of his accident through

​meaning-focused coping.

​According to Albert Ellis, our emotional reactions to life events result mainly from

​our appraisals of the events.


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