Psychology 4

The _____ of a sound wave is usually measured in units called _____. a. amplitude; hertz b. frequency; decibels c. complexity; decibels d. frequency; hertz

D

A dozen seagulls are seen as a flock because they fly in the same direction, illustrating the Gestalt principle of _____. Their movement distinguishes them as _____ against the sky's backdrop. A. common fate; figure B. common fate; ground C. continuity; figure D. continuity; ground

A

Neurons in the visual area of the brain that respond to specific features of a stimulus, such as edges, lines, and angles, are called: A. feature detectors. B. ganglion cells. C. bipolar cells. D. neurotransmitters.

A

After a stroke, Maarten has difficulty perceiving motion. The stroke MOST likely damaged area MT in the _____ lobe. The area is part of the _____ stream of visual processing. A. occipital; dorsal b. occipital; ventral C. temporal; dorsal D. parietal; dorsal

C

After a stroke, Nadiya has difficulty perceiving motion. The stroke MOST likely damaged cells in her _____ lobe. a. ventral b. occipital c. temporal d. parietal

C

Microvilli interact with food molecules called: a. odorants. b. geons. c. tastants. d. gustants.

C

Tammy draws a picture in which the mountains are closer to the top of her paper than the nearby trees in her picture. This is an example of the monocular distance cue known as: a. texture gradient. b. linear perspective. c. relative height. d. interposition.

C

The pain pathways do NOT include the: a. hypothalamus. b. somatosensory cortex. c. occipital lobe. d. amygdala.

C

Damage to area _____ of the brain may impair auditory perception. a. MT b. VT c. V1 d. A1

D

In an experiment, colored letters flash briefly on a computer screen. On each trial, participants are asked to report the letters in their correct colors. In one condition, participants are required simultaneously to monitor the screen for the appearance of a particular digit. What effect should the concurrent digit-monitoring task have on the accuracy of participants' letter responses? a. The digit-monitoring task should decrease the prevalence of illusory conjunctions. b. The digit-monitoring task should have little effect on participants' letter identification responses. c. The digit-monitoring task should cause participants to guess randomly. d. The digit-monitoring task should increase the prevalence of illusory conjunctions.

D

Melissa is attending a presentation by a cognitive neuroscientist in her university's Department of Psychology. The cognitive neuroscientist states that "Patient JC made many illusory conjunction errors in a computerized feature integration task." Based on this information, Melissa anticipates that the neuroscientist will reveal that JC suffered damage to the _____ lobe. a. frontal b. temporal c. occipital d. parietal

D

One process in perception is the _____ problem. When this process fails, errors called _____ may result. a. binding; illusory correlations b. integration; illusory correlations c. integration; illusory conjunctions d. binding; illusory conjunctions

D

The methods of the field of _____ are used to investigate the relationship between the physical properties of a stimulus and observers' perception of the stimulus.

Psychophysics

Human sensory systems are designed to detect changes in stimulation, rather than to detect constancies. This is demonstrated by the process of _____.

Sensory Adaptation

The function relating the value of a stimulus along some dimension to the just noticeable difference is known as _____ law.

Weber

Anna is reading her psychology text. The activation of receptors in her retina is called _____; her interpretation of the stimuli as particular words is termed _____. A. sensation; perception B. perception; sensation C. sensation; transduction D. perception; transduction

a

Benny's S-cones are not functional. Benny is likely to have trouble perceiving: A. blue. B. yellow. C. red. D. all colors.

a

Feature detectors do NOT: A. respond to information provided by individual bipolar cells. B. reside in the visual cortex. C. process information about the shape, angle, or movement collected from a visual scene. D. receive information from specific ganglion cells.

a

Gustation is to olfaction as _____ is to _____. taste; smell taste; hearing smell; taste hearing; smell

a

Juanita notices a flicker of motion out of the corner of her eye as she hurries down a dim alley late at night. Kirsten deciphers a complex wiring diagram under the bright glare of her desk lamp. Juanita's vision is driven mainly by her _____, while Kirsten is mainly using her _____. A. rods; cones B. cones; rods C. rods; rods as well D. cones; cones, too

a

Juliana's vision is 20/20, but she cannot recognize the faces of her friends, family members, and acquaintances. Juliana's impairment reflects a deficit in the information-processing activity of: A. perception. B. transduction. C. sensation. D. priming.

a

Samantha opens her eyes in the morning to see flowers by her bedside. At that point, her eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called: A. transduction. B. perception. C. sensation. D. adaptation.

a

The dorsal stream of visual processing is to the ventral stream of visual processing as: A. how is to what. B. left is to right. C. why is to where. D. below is to above.

a

When Sanjay recognizes line segments and areas of light and dark as his friend's face at an airport gate, he is demonstrating: A. perception. B. sensation. C. priming. D. adaptation.

a

Which alternative BEST expresses the visual acuity of an eagle, hawk, or another species of raptor? A. 20/2 B. 20/5 C. 20/10 D. 20/50

a

A researcher uses fMRI to scan areas in participants' brains while they inspect ambiguous figures such as the Rubin vase. In this study, the _____ variable is the brain's _____ activity. A. dependent; electrical B. dependent; metabolic C. independent; electrical D. independent; metabolic

b

During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could hardly ever detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's _____ threshold. A. subliminal B. absolute C. adaptation D. difference

b

Sometimes, eyewitnesses to a crime fail to notice the perpetrator's face because they are paying attention to the perpetrator's weapon. This "weapon focus effect" is an example of: A. change blindness. B. inattentional blindness. C. an illusory conjunction. D. binocular disparity.

b

The appeal of the View-Master, or stereoscope, lies in its simulation of the depth cue of: A. interposition. B. binocular disparity. C. linear perspective. D. texture gradient.

b

The local fire department sounds an alarm. The conversion of the siren's sound waves into neural impulses exemplifies the process of: A. transmission. B. transduction. C. detection. D. conduction.

b

Which area would have the LARGEST topographical representation in the somatosensory cortex? A. the left hip B. the lips C. the right calf D. the lower back

b

Which set does NOT contain a discrepant element? a. {amplitude, brightness, pitch} b. {wavelength, hue, pitch} c. {wavelength, brightness, pitch} d. {amplitude, hue, loudness}

b

A man in a red jacket and a woman in a black jacket hold up a convenience store. A witness, Mrs. Taylor, describes the incident to police. She reports that she saw a woman in a red jacket. Mrs. Taylor's report reflects a(n): A. illusory correlation. B. binding error. C. illusory conjunction. D. conjunction fault.

c

Abbie is nearsighted. Her vision defect reflects an error in _____, the process by which the _____ changes shape to focus an image on the retina. A. assimilation; lens B. accommodation; pupil C. accommodation; lens D. accommodation; cornea

c

Based on the textbook's discussion, the _____ code BEST explains Jordan's perception of the high pitch of his teakettle's whistle. A. conduction B. sensorineural C. place D. temporal

c

Certain neural circuits respond to specific speeds and directions of motion; these circuits are most likely located in area _____ in the _____ lobe. A. V1; occipital B. MT; occipital C. MT; temporal D. V1; temporal

c

Denise wears an extremely bright safety-yellow sweatshirt when she cycles to the gym after dark. The sweatshirt's brightness reflects the _____ of the light it reflects. A. low amplitude B. long wavelength C. high amplitude D. short-wavelength

c

Javier is watching snowflakes drift downward outside his window. Neurons in the _____ area of his brain are likely very active. A. lower occipital B. posterior parietal C. middle temporal D. anterior parietal

c

The binding problem of perception is concerned with how: A. perceptions are bound to minds. B. many books an individual can read at one time. C. people perceive unified objects, rather than free-floating features. D. perceptions relate to the objects that generate them.

c

Vasinda can easily read signs that are distant, but words on a page appear blurred to her. Vasinda may have: A. longer-than-normal eyeballs. B. smaller-than-normal feature detectors. C. shorter-than-normal eyeballs. D. larger-than-normal feature detectors.

c

Which alternative best describes the involvement of the visual processing streams in the feature binding process? A. Feature binding depends almost wholly on the ventral stream. B. Feature binding depends almost wholly on the dorsal stream. C. Feature binding depends on both the ventral and dorsal streams. D. Feature binding involves a third visual pathway.

c

A participant is shown a black "8" and a gold "6." When asked to describe the visual display, she responds that she saw a gold "8" and a black "6." This may illustrate a(n) _____, primarily caused by _____. A. color blindness; genetics B. agnosia; hippocampal impairments C. illusory conjunction; occipital lobe deficits D. illusory conjunction; lack of focused attention

d

A psychophysicist would be MOST directly concerned with: A. the effects of genetics on the endocrine system. B. human psychological reactions to physical stress. C. the effect of neurotransmitters on depression. D. the relation between the wavelength of light and the experience of color.

d

Barbara stubbed her toe last night. It hurts and all day today she has been aware of her toe. She says, "This is so weird. I usually don't think about my toe." Barbara is describing: A. absolute threshold. B. transduction. C. signal detection. D. sensory adaptation

d

Giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio's bag feel heavier. This BEST illustrates: A. the color-opponent system. B. accommodation. C. sensory adaptation. D. Weber's law.

d

In a laboratory experiment, Shane is briefly shown a colored number next to a black letter. He is then asked to describe what he saw, and incorrectly describes the letter as having the color of the number. The researcher is probably studying: A. color deficiency. B. myopia. C. selective attention. D. illusory conjunctions.

d

Michelle turned her head to look directly at an unusual butterfly that her friend spotted in the garden. In doing so, Michelle ensures that the insect's image falls on her _____, which gives her the best visual acuity. A. ganglion B. cornea C. iris D. fovea

d

Sandra is installing a new printer and has to determine which power cord behind her desk goes with the old printer. According to the Gestalt principles of perception, the rule of _____ will helps Sandra solve this problem. a. similarity b. proximity c. common fate d. continuity

d

Some birds can detect the ultraviolet radiation reflected from feathers of potential mates. As compared with humans, then, these birds can see _____ wavelengths. A. higher B. lower-amplitude C. higher-amplitude D. lower

d

Sydney deciphers a complex wiring diagram under the bright glare of her desk lamp. Sydney is mainly using her photoreceptors known as: A. ganglion cells. B. bipolar cells. C. rods. D. cones.

d

The image of the television screen on the wall moves from place to place on John's retina as he turns his head from one friend to another during a conversation. Yet he does not perceive the television as sliding back and forth across the wall. Later, John perceives Susanna as walking toward the kitchen even though he keeps her image stable on his fovea by moving his head as she walks. These examples indicate that the movement of an object's image across the retina is _____ for the perception of motion. A. sufficient but not necessary B. necessary but not sufficient C. both necessary and sufficient D. neither necessary nor sufficient

d

The moon appears larger when it is on the horizon than when it is overhead, though in "reality" it is the same size in both cases. This is an example of a(n) _____.

illusion

Under extreme conditions, such as high stress, naturally occurring endorphins can activate the _____ to send inhibitory signals to neurons in the spinal cord that then suppress pain signals to the brain, thereby modulating the experience of pain.

pag

The process by which different frequencies stimulate neural signals at specific places along the basilar membrane, from which the brain determines pitch is called the _____ code. conductive temporal place opponent-process

place

Which sensation is NOT among the basic touch sensations? pleasure cold pain pressure

pleasure

Dr. Marco finds that women can better distinguish among pleasant odors than men. Dr. Marco argues that women have more experience with pleasant odors such as those of foods, flowers, and fragrances. This explanation emphasizes the role of _____ influences on perception. smell blindness bottom-up accommodation top-down

top-down

A disorder called _____ involves difficulty recognizing objects by sight.

visual-form agnosia