Psychology
cingulate cortex
situated in the medial aspect of the cortex. integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with the emotion formation and processing, learning and memory and is also important for executive function and respiratory control.
Morphemes
smallest units of meaning; made up of a combo of phonemes. (ex. pretested = "pre" "test" "ed"
language
spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
anger
strong feeling of displeasure and belligerence aroused by a wrong, wrath, ire (something confronted, as opposed to avoided) testosterone
arousal theory
organism seeks to maintain optimal level of arousal.
codes
other kinds of artificially constructed communication systems such as those used for computer programming can also be called languages
negative reinforcement
removal of an aversive stimulus (ex. walking around the block to avoid a neighbors dog)
storage
retention of encoded information over time.
syntax
rules of grammar than determine word order
subjective well-being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.
heliophobia
fear of sunlight
conscious experience
fear, anger, love
Hermann Ebbinghaus
forgetting curve
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.
language family
group from related descent or common ancestor
amygdala
group of nuclei located deep within the medial temporal lobes of the brain. emotional memory
Drive-Reduction Theory
idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need by say, eating or drinking. Aim: homeostasis
Edwin Smith Surgical papyrus
provides the earliest written description of the brain on record
Inborn Universal Grammar
Chomsky; opposed Skinner's ideas
instinct theory
Charles Darwin
Arcuate Fasiculus
Connects Broca's area to Wernicke's are
Deviation IQ
IQ score is based on the deviation of person's score from the norms of the person's age group, standardized so the average score is 100
Albert Bandura
Social Learning Theory
Personnel Psychology
Studies the principles of selecting and evaluating workers. Recruitment, selection, placement, training & development.
Le Doux's Dual-Pathway Model of Fear
Theory formulated by Joseph LeDoux ('94). Brain uses two pathways to process fear messages. thalamus - cerebral cortex (high road). thalamus to amygdala (low road). ex. see deer -- quick emotional response, sensory info passes through for processing (watch out!)
fear
a heightened negative emotional response to a real or perceived threat. often accompanied by escape and avoidance behaviors. (learned via observational learning); results in escape and avoidance behaviors
misinformation effect
after exposure to subtle misinformation, most people misremember.
algorithm
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. contrasts with the speedier-but also more error-prone use of heuristics.
motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
emotions
a response of the whole organism, involved physiological arousal, expressive behaviors and conscious experience.
emotions
a response of the whole organism, involving; 1. conscious experience, 2. physiological arousal 3. expressive behavior
heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently.
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
Intelligence
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
General Adaptation Syndrome
according to Selye, a stress response to any kind of stimulation is similar. THe stress individual goes through three phrases, alarm, resistance, exhaustion. (ex. girl who was kidnapped and reunited with family)
Mnemonics
acronyms, acrostics, chunking, hierarchy
Lew Terman
adapted the Binet-Simon test for American use
two-word stage
also called telegraphic speech, before 2nd birthday
natural language
any language which arises in an unpremeditated fashion as the result of the innate facility for language possessed by the human intellect
Wernicke's Area
area of the brain important to comprehension
Angular Gyrus
area of the brain important to reading
Broca's Area
area of the brain important to the production of language and grammatical processing
where do emotions reside?
autonomic nervous system (sympathetic, parasympathetic), limbic system, cerebral cortex
Phonemes
basic units of sound (ex. dog has 3)
one-word stage
begins around first birthday
hypothalamus
below the thalamus. directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature and control of emotions. helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
stimulus motives
biologically based needs for exploration and activity.
Conduction aphasia
can produce sound and comprehend, what comes out is typically grammatically and syntactically incorrect
flashbulb memories
clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events.
Walter Cannon
coined "fight or flight"; homeostasis; studied the physiology of emotion; Harvard.
Alfred Binet
commissioned by French school officials to measure mental abilities of children; mental age;
ophidiophobia
fear of snakes
Broca's aphasia
damage to Broca's area, language production is harmed, comprehension may be spared
extrinsic motivation
desire for external rewards, such as wealth or the respect of others. "means to an end"
intrinsic rewards
desire for internal gratification, like self-satisfaction or attaining a particular goal. "end in itself"
Karl Lashley
determined memories were not localized to one part of the brain, but widely distributed throughout cerebral cortex.
context effects
drug addicts experience cravings in certain places.
Sensory Memory
duration of sensory memories varies for the different senses. (Iconic .5s, Echoic 3-4s & Hepatic <1s)
catharsis
emotional release, the idea that releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges. ex. "smashers"
anxiety
emotional state that results from threats that are uncontrollable or unavoidable. typically occurs without any external threat. (basis of many associative learning pairings via the amygdala)
panic attacks
episodes of intense fear or apprehension that are of sudden onset and of relatively brief duration
left frontal lobe
exuberant infants and alert, energetic adults show high levels in this area.
expressive behaviors
facial expressions, hand movements, postures
explicit memory
facts/experiences that one can consciously know and declare. *hippocampus
claustrophobia
fear of confined spaces
Anterograde Amnesia
inability to form or store new memories, or difficulty in doing so.
orexin
increases hunger (hypothalamus)
William Stern
initially suggested the IQ
psychosocial needs
interpersonal aspects of motivation, such as friendship or achievement.
flow
involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time.
implicit memory
involves learning an action while the individual does not know or declare what they know. *cerebellum
phobia
is an irrational, intense and persistent fear of certain situations, activities, things, animals, or people; common form of anxiety disorder; between 8.7 & 18.1 % of americans suffer.
Wernicke's aphasia
language production not affected, patient suffers from a lack of comprehension
emotional roots
learning to associate achievement with positive emotions.
cognitive roots
learning to attribute achievements to one's own competence, thus raising expectations of oneself.
dopamine
linked to euphoria
long term potentiation
long term strengthening of neural connections as a result of repeated stimulation.
Retrograde Amnesia
loss of memory of past events.
George Miller
magic # plus or minus 2
achievement motivation
motive or desire to achieve success. we may undertake challenges with the risk of failure but may also lead to success.
avoidance motivation.
motive or desire to avoid failure. avoid taking chances that may result in failure, stick to the sure, safe path.
lateral hypothalamus
part of the thalamus shown to be involved in initiating, or "turning on eating". destroyed: animal will stop eating and eventually starve to death.
ventromedial hypothalamus
part of the thalamus shown to be involved in regulating feeling of satiety, or signals when to "stop eating". destroyed: overeating, severely obese.
physiological arousal
peripheral activation of "flight-or-flight"
retrieval
process of getting information out of memory storage.
encoding
processing of information into memory system.
stress
prolonged states of heightened emotional activity. angriest people faced roughly twice the risk of CAD and almost three times the risk of heart attack
"voodoo death"
sudden death caused by overreaction of the parasympathetic nervous system, slowing the heart to a stop. Walter Cannon.
limbic system
system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. it includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
grammar
system of rules in language
industrial/organizational psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in the workplace.
semantics
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current mood. (ex. remembering things when drunk)
Cannon-Bard Theory
the theory that an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological response and the subjective experience of emotion. (see bear, experience fear, run)
James-Lange Theory
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of the physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli. proposed by American William James and Carl Lange. Late 1800s. (ex. car picture, bear-- are we scared of bear or scared because we are running?) concept of bodily arousal
hierarchy of needs
there is an order to human needs, starting with basic biological processing and progressing to self-actualization. (Maslow)
Two-factor theory
this theory states that to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused, and cognitively label the arousal.
common sense view of emotion
we first perceive a stimulus, then feel the emotion, then become physiologically aroused, then take behavioral action.
retroactive interference
when new informations makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier.
proactive interference
when something you learned earlier disrupts your recall of something you experience later.