Psychology Ch 15
Aggression
"any behavior directed toward the goal of harming another living being" This definition means intention matters.
General aggression model
An integrative framework that knits together various factors and psychological processes that contribute to an act to aggression. People act aggressive when their progress toward a goal is frustrated.
Attitude
An orientation to some target stimulus that is composed of an affective feeling, a cognitive belief, and behavioral motivation toward the target.
All animals are equal; just some are more equal than others.
Animal farm quote. Similar to how most people agree that others should be treated fairly and not be harmed. People tend to, however, feel this way about members of their own social group more than others.
Cultural evolution argument
Argument for prosocial behavior, Prosocial behavior develops as a norm because it helps societies succeed. Each larger degree of society increases degree to which the norms develop for people to form trusting, cooperative, relationships with not only kin, but members of social group or entire culture.
Explicit attitudes
Attitudes shaped explicitly, by values, social norms, and other beliefs. Can be changed with merely learning a new fact
Internal
Default explanation mode in western cultures. Contests that people's behaviors are the result of who they are.
Impressions
These are schemas (mental representations) that organize associated pieces of information about a person. Two key dimensions: 1) How warm and trustworthy a person is. (can quickly categorize a person as a friend or a foe) OR 2) How competent a person is, Helping us gauge the person's social status/competence in society.
Positive interactions
These types of reactions with someone else from another group can force empathy with their experience and diversify our own sense of self.
Group decision making
This can accomplish important tasks, but can also result in homogeneity- which minimizes conflict, but can also bias decision making.
Fundamental need to belong
This leads people to seek out social interaction and build bonds.
Trying not to be racist can make it hard for people to connect, due to a fear of being racist. Explicitly held attitudes can dictate what to talk about or degree of friendliness, but implicit biases could reveal discomfort.
Trying not to be racist can make it hard for people to connect, due to a fear of being racist. Explicitly held attitudes can dictate what to talk about or degree of friendliness, but implicit biases could reveal discomfort.
Compliance Strategies
Used to change people's behavior without affecting the attitude of the product, idea, or messsage.
Autokinetic Effect
Visual effect in which a stationary dot of light was thought to move after prolonged lack of exposure to stimuli.
beliefs, traits, and preferences
When we are perceiving commonalities between US and a member of a different group, we are more likely to transfer our own _______, ______, and ___________ onto them than to assume conformity to a stereotype.
Post-delusion dissoance
When we forego and option (When faced with two appealing choices) that we have a positive attitude towards. Tend to focus on negative aspects of choice to justify choice and satisfy resonance.
Pluralistic ignorance
Where people are collectively unaware of each others true attitudes or beliefs.
Diffusion of Responsibility
Where people assume someone else has already gone for help or would be more skilled at knowing what to do.
Mere exposure
____ ________ to something breeds familiarity, familiarity breeds liking.
Pursuasion
Refers to the way that explicityly held attitudes are changed by direct appeal.
leader
A person who gains the authority to wield influence over others behavior. Dominant ones are more feared than liked.
kin selection
An evolved or adaptive strategy of asssisting those who share one's genes, even at personal cost, as a means of increasing the odds of genetic survival.
Jigsaw classroom
A method of teaching, whereby the teacher makes each student a master of a certain subject or facet of a whole, and then put them all together to volunteer their expertise to create a unified whole working together.
Notice that someone is in need
A Decision making step in an emergency. Missing this step can stem from being preoccupied or caught up in personal concerns to notice the emergency.
Interpret the event as an emergency
A Decision making step in an emergency. The bystander effect can mess this step up. Pluralistic ignorance can also be a factor. Seeing other people not react to emergency can make you think that it actually is not an emergency.
Take personal responsibility for helping
A Decision making step in an emergency. Where individual must stand up and start to respond to an emergency. The diffusion of responsibility can affect this step, make it so someone else is getting help.
Prejudice
A negative attitude toward a group or members of a group
Chameleon Effect
A phenomenon of mimicking the mannerisms, accents, and speech patterns due to interactions, of someone we like. Relationships really take root when disclosing some deepest fears or highest hopes.
Cognitive Dissonance
A sense of conflict between people's attitudes and actions that motivates efforts to restore cognitive consistency. Can initiate a change of attitude, but only when behavior cannot be attributed to the sole situation alone.
Impression Management
A series of strategies that people use to influence the impressions that others form OF THEM. Present personas to mask unwanted traits and to highlight wanted ones.
Discrimination
A tendency for individuals to recieve different treatement or outcomes as a result of their membership in a given social group.
Symbolic racism
A tendency to redirect one's prejudice to a racial or ethnic group toward policies that may benefit the group.
Aversive racism
A tendency, even amongst egalitarion people, to have unconsious negative reactions to people belonging to racial or ethnic outgroups.
Parental Investment Theory
A theory that predicts sex differences in attraction due to the greater time, effort, and risk assumed by women than men during procreation. Men find younger, physically attractive, and hourglass shaped women (Marks of fertility) attractive. Women find older, more financially established, with a V shaped physique, and behavioral facial, and vocal features that exhibit dominance- attractive.
leader
A way to avoid groupthink. Advising the ______ to listen and moderate the discussion rather than preemptively steering it towards an outcome
devil's advocate
A way to avoid groupthink. Assigning someone the role of _____'s ________ , to voice the opposite opinion
right
A way to avoid groupthink. Emphasizing the need for making the _____ decision over the need for making a quick decision
brainstorming
A way to avoid groupthink. Fostering a spirit of _____________, where all ideas are welcome.
critical evaluation
A way to avoid groupthink. Promoting a norm of ________ __________, rather than consensus or group cohesion.
diverse
A way to avoid groupthink. forming groups of _______ members who are more likely to bring different attitudes, expertise, and perspectives to the issue.
Prosocial behavior
Actions aimed at assisting others toward their goals.
physically
Aggression is raised when __________ aroused.
Norm of reciprocacy
An automatic tendency to help others who have helped in the past or are expected to help in the future.
Attitudes, interests, and background experiences shape the contexts we choose for ourselves-- we seek contexts that match our beliefs and values-- we are more likely to find people who align themselves with individual similarity.
Attitudes, interests, and background experiences shape the contexts we choose for ourselves-- we seek contexts that match our beliefs and values-- we are more likely to find people who align themselves with individual similarity.
Complimentary stereotypes
Attribute both positive and negative traits to certain groups. reinforce social divide. Like people richer than a certain level are unhappy, the poorer and more morally equipped.
Implicit attitudes
Automatically activated associations, learned through repeated exposure to a person, place, thing, or issue. Can be changed with repeated exposure to a new association
Social Proof
Compliance Strategy. Creating validity by creating ethos in form of other people endorsing the product.
Scarcity Principle
Compliance Strategy. People tend to place higher value on things that are in short supply. Like girl scout cookies.
Foot in door
Compliance Strategy. People who comply with a low demand request are open to another request.
Door-in-face
Compliance Strategy. Works by eliciting guilt from declining an unreasonably large request so they are open to a less demanding one.
Weapons effect
Effect. Simple exposure to a gun or weapon can increase aggressive responses by bringing violent thoughts to mind.
Intergroup contact
Effective at reducing prejudice, by reducing anxiety people might normally feel when interacting with someone else from another group
Hangry
Empirically validated pop-culture term of being closer to anger when hungry.
Cognitive belief
Facet of attitude. A belief on characteristics of a target
Affective feeling
Facet of attitude. A feeling ranging from positive to negative
Behavioral Motivation
Facet of attitude. Like the tendency to approahc/avoid target- the likelihood that your behavior will be outlined in a certain way.
Central Route
Facet of the Elaboration Likelihood Model, Relies on more thoughtful, reflective processes. Change attitudes only when faced with strong evidence. Also more likely to elaborate on the peices of evidence given. HOWEVER it is more time consuming.
Peripheral Route
Facet of the Elaboration Likelihood model, is much more impressionable than its counterpart. Attitudes are swayed by surface level attributes and automatic associations.
Working together, as equals, toward a common goal, and in an environment where those in a position of authority support social change.
Facets of the Contact Hypothesis. 4 Elements.
"no man is an island"
Famous quote from John donne
Groupthink
Form of group decision making where pressure to achieve consensus leads members to avoid voicing unpopular opinions.
Physical proximity
Frequent, close contact with another person is usually the first requirement for relationships.
to be kind
Humans have an extraordinary capacity to be cruel to each other AND __ __ ____.
Self promotion
Impression Management Strategy. GOAL: To be seen as competent
Exemplification
Impression Management Strategy. GOAL: To be seen as dedicated
Intimidation
Impression Management Strategy. GOAL: To be seen as dominant
Ingratiation
Impression Management Strategy. GOAL: To be seen as likeable
Supplication
Impression Management Strategy. GOAL: To be seen as needy
Effort Justification
Justifying an action by changing an attitude due to a lot of effort put in yielding not so much reward.
Minimal group paradigm
Research grouping method to form groups based off purported similarity of anything. People will still demonstrate ingroup favoritism. Social identities satisfy the need to belong, the need to self enhance, and the need to understand the world.
Knowing what needs to be done, Follow through with some plan are the last steps to decision making steps in emergencies. When acts of heroism takes place, usually people have leadership skills, expertise in first aid, or training as a first responder.
Knowing what needs to be done, Follow through with some plan are the last steps to decision making steps in emergencies. When acts of heroism takes place, usually people have leadership skills, expertise in first aid, or training as a first responder.
Implicit association test
Like the association interactive thing that we did for democrats and republicans, with positive and negative adjectives.
Deindividuation
Losing sight of one's own individuality. Caving to peer pressure in crowds, for example.
Stereotypes
Mental representations or schemas we have about groups of people. Can be learned from parents, friends, or television- due to narrow ranges of exposure to different groups of people.
true
Motivation to see self positively clouds ____ perception.
Norms, values, and laws of a culture may cue people to reappraise situations, distract themselves, or regulate and redirect their anger.
Norms, values, and laws of a culture may cue people to reappraise situations, distract themselves, or regulate and redirect their anger.
Implicit racial bias
Occurs when people have negative attitudes or attitudes associated with thoughts of a group.
Social Norms
Patterns of behavior, traditions, and preferences that are tacitly sanctioned by a given culture or subculture. Evolve over time and place, through different processes that foster the growth of a society.
Affective Forecasting errors
Peoples inability to accurately predict the emotional responses they will have to events. Place too much emphasis on features of current choice and not the actual things that will affect emotions.
Informal social influene
Pressure to conform to other's actions or beliefs correctly or gain an accurate representation of the world.
Normative Social influence
Pressure to conform to other's actions or beliefs or avoid social sanctions. Norms guide behavior unconsciously.
Social facilitation
Refers to evidence that the mere presence of others can boost arousal in a way that facilitates the dominant response (the most likely behavioral reaction) to the task. When a difficult challenge is presented where the dominant response is to fail, the rate of failure is increased with the presence of others. People exhibit a threatened cardiovascular response.
Daniel batson
Said empathy is key to altruism. When we feel similar to someone else, you're more able to feel what they feel, more motivated to take actions to reduce suffering.
Motivation
Simply being around others can increase __________. Performance becomes more fluid when need for belonging is fulfilled
Self-serving attributions
Tendency to make dispositional attributions to good events and situational attributions to bad ones. Biases prevent us from being objective to the self.
Attribution
The assignment of a casual event, action of outcome. Explanations to actions may be external(lots of things in life) or internal (Anger, spite, emotionality)
Social identity THeory
Theory that explains why people develop more positive attitudes for their own ingroup than for outgroups. Prejudice may result from a tendency to favor ingroups than to actively dislike and discriminate against outgroups.
Empathy gap
The inability to stimulate someone else's mental suffering, to feel empathy. It is easier to feel empathy when victim is innocent or when thinking about personal tribulation. People tend to avoid focusing on mass suffering, so charities focus on one singular person.
Bystander effect
The lower likelihood of people coming to the aid of a victim when in the presence of other observes, then if they are alone.
Conformity
The process by which people implicitly mimic, adopt, or internalize the behaviors and preferences of those around them
Contact hypothesis
The proposal (From Gordon Allport's "The nature of prejudice", 1954), that prejudice can be reduced, through sanctioned, friendly, and cooperative interactions between members of different groups working toward a common goal. There are four elements : 1) Working together, 2) As equals, 3) toward a common goal, and 4) in an enviornment where those in a position of authority support social change.
Social Psychology
The study of how social context as well as broader cultural environments influence people's thoughts, feelings, and actions. Focus of how immediate environment can change behavior. People carry a fundamental need to belong and to form trusting relationships with others, to perceive ourselves and our groups positively, and to understand the world and feel a sense of control over our actions and outcomes
Social Loafing
The tendency for an individual to put less effort into a task than would be normal on their own, because they are too anonymous to a group.
Group polarization
The tendency for people's attitudes on an issue to become more extreme after discussing it with like minded others.
Transference
The tendency to assume a new and unfamiliar person has the same traits as another known person whom they resemble.
Fundamental Attribution error
The tendency to assume a person's actions are the result of their internal dispositions than social contexts. People must be motivated to consider external factors to override fundamental attribution error.
False consensus
The tendency to use the self as an anchor and overestimate the extent to which other people's beliefs and attitudes are similar to our own.
Realistic group conflict theory
Theory asserting that negative intergroup attitudes develop whenever groups compete against one another for access to the same scarce resources. People automatically see themselves positively, which extends to their ingroups.
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
Theory of pursuation contending that attitudes can change by two routes: A central route that focuses on the strength of the argument and a peripheral route that is sensitive to more superficial cues. A "dual processing theory" of Pursuation
Fusiform Face Area (FFA)
specific regions of the brain that Underlie facial recognition