Psychology CH 5-6 quizzes

Charity used to really enjoy potato salad, so at a family reunion she ate a large helping. Unfortunately, the potato salad had not been kept cold, and Charity became quite ill after eating it. Now she finds that even the sight of potatoes in the grocery store can make her feel sick to her stomach. In this example, the sick feeling Charity experiences when she sees potatoes in the grocery store is:

A conditioned response

Your younger daughter watches your older daughter wash the breakfast dishes. Later, your younger daughter attempts to wash some dishes. The older daughter has acted as:

A model

In anterograde amnesia

A person loses memories of events that occur after a head injury

Retrograde amnesia is a type of organic amnesia in which

A person loses memories of events that occurred prior to a head injury

Josiah checks his email several times throughout the day. Some days there is mail each time he checks; sometimes several days go by with no new messages arriving. In this example, Josiah's behavior of checking his email is being reinforced on:

A variable-interval schedule

Dave is reminiscing about the first car he owned in high school and how he felt the first time he drove it through town. This information is stored in his

Episodic memory

Memory of "chronological" and "dated" personal experiences is referred to as

Episodic memory

Ken used to drool at the smell of peanut butter cookies as they baked, and he couldn't wait to sink his teeth into that first cookie. However, Ken's new roommate makes terrible peanut butter cookies, and the smell of them baking is no longer associated with a wonderful taste experience. Consequently, Ken finds that the smell of the cookies no longer makes him drool in anticipation. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as:

Extinction

The continued presentation of the CS without the US will result in the gradual disappearance of the CR. This phenomenon is known as:

Extinction

Research on spontaneous recovery suggests that:

Extinction does not erase a learned association; it only suppresses or interferes with a

Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to:

Fear the dark

Damage to which of the following is most likely to cause deficits in long-term memory?

Hippocampal region

Learning to tie one's shoes is most likely acquired via the process of:

Operant conditioning

The type of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences is:

Operant conditioning

Every time Brianna does the dishes, her parents give her a dollar. What type of reinforcement are Brianna's parents using?

Positive reinforcement

As part of a memory test, Taryn was given a list of words that included dog, pail, and hate. Later, she recalled these words as pup, bucket, and loathe. Taryn's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list

Semantically

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, the memory system that allows for the sensation of a visual pattern, sound, or touch to linger for a brief moment after the sensory stimulation is over is called

Sensory memory

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, what is the first stage of memory processing?

Sensory memory

Research by George Miller suggested that the capacity of short-term memory is about ____ chunks of information.

Seven

Learning to ride a bicycle is most likely acquired via the process of:

Shaping

Operant responses are typically established through a gradual process in which closer and closer approximations of the desired response are reinforced. This process is called:

Shaping

The technique used to teach animals complex tricks, such as teaching pigeons to play ping-pong, is:

Shaping

Mariah developed a fear of the water when she fell off a river raft last summer. This year, she took swimming lessons and thought she had finally overcome her fear of water. She was eagerly looking forward to an upcoming rafting trip, but as soon as she stepped onto the raft, she was instantly terrified again. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as:

Spontaneous recovery

If a dog salivates to a blue light and not to a yellow light, the dog is showing evidence of:

Stimulus discrimination

When you approach a traffic light and see a red light, you stop. On the other hand, when you approach that same light and see a green light, you continue driving. This example illustrates:

Stimulus discrimination

After owning a car with a manual transmission, Don buys a car with an automatic transmission. When first driving his new car, he keeps reaching for the nonexistent clutch and gearshift. This is an example of:

Stimulus generalization

When Diana was 3 years old, she became terrified when the neighbor's budgie bird kept flying near her head. Today, she is afraid of all birds, including robins, pigeons, and blue jays. Diana's fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of:

Stimulus generalization

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Stopping nagging a child when he finally cleans his room

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory comprise the three components of

Storage

Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has ended. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of time is

Storage

In order to weaken or eliminate a conditioned response, you would present:

The CS alone several times

Imagine that researchers find some memories are lost very quickly from memory, while other memories last much longer. This evidence would create the most problems for

The decay theory of forgetting

When Skyler was first training his dog, Smooches, to heel he would give Smooches a treat when she stayed close during walks. Now Smooches stays right by Skyler's side, even when she is not on her leash. In this case:

The dog treats were positive reinforcers for staying close

A worker gets paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week. He is being paid on a ____ schedule.

fixed-interval

If you try to remember something but cannot, yet you know the information is in memory, you are experiencing the

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that naturally evokes an unlearned response is the:

Unconditioned stimulus

Which of the following statements concerning short-term memory is false?

Unrehearsed information is usually maintained in short-term memory for approximately five minutes

Ebbinghaus's original forgetting curves, which graphed his retention over time, suggested that most forgetting occurs

Very rapidly after learning something

Tolman's research on rats learning mazes challenged operant conditioning principles by demonstrating that rats developed _______ when they learned a maze.

cognitive maps

LeAnn had her purse snatched as she walked out to her car. The police who are investigating the crime ask LeAnn to try to pick the purse-snatcher out of a lineup of eight suspects. The police are using

A recognition task to recover information from LeAnn's memory

The work of researchers like Loftus on errors in memory suggests that memory is best viewed as

A reconstruction of events or materials

A memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called

A semantic code

A retrieval cue is

A stimulus associated with a memory that is used to locate that memory

Ten-year-old Kylee is trying to remember the capital of North Carolina. Her father tells her to think of the letter "R,", and she quickly comes up with Raleigh. In this case, Kylee's memory was assisted using

An effective retrieval cue

Stimulus generalization occurs when:

An organism responds to new stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus

Simon cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, cringing in the waiting room is:

An unconditioned response

Pavlov found that meat powder placed on a dog's tongue will make the dog salivate. In Pavlov's terms, the meat powder is:

An unconditioned stimulus

Mark is listening as his roommate lists 14 things that they need to buy for their apartment before the end of the week. Based on George Miller's research into the capacity of short-term memory, if Mark doesn't write the items down as he hears them, he is most likely to remember

Between five and nine items from the list

Eric Kandel earned a Nobel Prize for his research showing that specific memories depend on

Biochemical alterations in transmission at specific synapses

A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus is known as:

Classical conditioning

When advertisers pair their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings in the hope that the pairings will cause their products to evoke good feelings, they are using principles derived from:

Classical conditioning

In Pavlov's principle experiment, if a dog salivates after hearing a tone, the salivation would be the:

Conditioned response

Hayden is explaining the rules of his new computer game to Shane. The information about the rules is being retrieved from Hayden's

Declarative memory

Natasha asks Oscar for directions to his house. When he tells her to turn on 4th Street, she asks what color the house is on the corner where she turns. Oscar is surprised that he actually knows the house is blue, since he never really thought about it. In this instance, it is likely that the house color was stored in Oscar's

Declarative memory

The memory system that contains words, definitions, events, and ideas is the

Declarative memory system

A pigeon learns to peck at a disk lighted green to receive reinforcement but not at a disk lighted red. This means that, for the pigeon, the color of the disk is a:

Discriminative stimulus

In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be

Encoded

Typically, most people would:

Enjoy being negatively reinforced and dislike being punished

Decay theory suggests that forgetting is due to

Impermanent storage

When a conditioned response shows spontaneous recovery, the rejuvenated response typically:

Is weaker than the previously conditioned response

Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as:

Latent learning

You have familiarized yourself with the streets of your town without any reinforcement; then one day you are asked to go to the post office. You are able to do so with ease by following a route that you have never taken. This is an example of:

Latent learning

When an individual's memory for an event is altered by the later introduction of inaccurate or misleading information, it is referred to as the

Misinformation effect

Tessa really likes to mow the lawn during the summer months, but her parents will only let her mow the lawn if all the dishes are washed. Consequently, every Saturday, Tessa has the table cleared and all of the dishes washed as soon as everyone has finished breakfast. In this case:

Mowing the lawn is a positive reinforcer for doing the dishes

When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus it is called:

Negative reinforcement

Your memory of how to do something, such as how to shoot a free throw in basketball, is contained in your

Nondeclarative memory

The memory system that contains the memory for how to type on a typewriter or drive an automobile is the

Nondeclarative memory system

Ratio schedules of reinforcement always relate to the:

Number of responses given

It is very likely that you learned how to turn on the TV and change channels as a young child without your parents ever specifically teaching you to do so. In this case, your learning would most likely be an example of:

Observational learning

The type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others who are called models is:

Observational learning

Proactive interference occurs when

Previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information

Jane was ridiculed at school for wearing a particular style of shirt. Now, she no longer wears that style of shirt to school. Being ridiculed is an example of:

Punishment

Your spouse withdraws attention from you each time you begin criticizing her cooking. Eventually, you stop criticizing your spouse's cooking. The withdrawal of attention can be categorized as:

Punishment

A history teacher who asks his students to state from memory the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution is assessing retention by using the ____ method.

Recall

The measure of memory that requires subjects to reproduce information on their own, without any cues, is

Recall

You look up the phone number of the new pizza restaurant down the street and repeat the number silently in your head until you find a pad of paper to write it down. The process of actively repeating the number is called

Rehearsal

As Kayla was introduced to the seven members of the committee who would be interviewing her for a scholarship, she silently repeated all the names to herself, in order. Kayla was using

Rehearsal to temporarily store the names in short-term memory

If you were attempting to recall a memory, the memory process you would be using is

Retrieval

You move to a new house and memorize your new phone number. Now, you can't remember your old phone number. This is an example of

Retroactive interference

____ occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.

Retroactive interference

Adrianna was skiing when she fell and hit her head. When the operators of the ski resort ask her what she was doing just before she fell, she really can't remember. Adrianna's memory loss is consistent with

Retrograde amnesia

Cierra is taking a test in geography and is trying to recall the capital of Turkmenistan. In answering this question, Cierra is largely relying on her

Semantic memory

Your psychology professor asks you for the name of the individual who started the behavioral approach to the study of psychology. To answer this question correctly, you need to rely on your

Semantic memory

The profound anterograde amnesia that H. M. experienced after undergoing surgery to control his epilepsy suggests that

The hippocampal complex plays a key role in the consolidation of long-term memories

Carson used to enjoy lime sherbet, so when he was in Mexico he tried frozen lime margaritas. After his fourth margarita, Carson became extremely ill. Now he finds that even the sight of lime sherbet in a bowl can make him feel queasy. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is:

The lime margaritas that Carson consumed

Tyler witnessed an automobile accident and heard one of the bystanders casually mention that the driver was probably intoxicated. Even though the driver had not been drinking and never crossed the center line, Tyler tells the police officer who is investigating the accident that the car had been "weaving all over the road." Tyler's faulty recall illustrates

The misinformation effect

The deepest level of processing of information in memory, emphasizing the meaning of the information being processed, is

The semantic level of encoding

Pat takes a prescription medication in order to reduce pain; Kelly takes the same medication in order to experience a "drug high." Pat's behavior is reinforced by ____ reinforcement, and Kelly's behavior by ____ reinforcement.

negative; positive

When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in ____ memory until you write it in your notes.

short-term

Classical conditioning is to ____ responses as operant conditioning is to ____.

reflexive; voluntary