Psychology Ch. 5

Classical conditioning has been demonstrated in what species

Humans and other animals

In the Watson and Rayner study of Little Albert, the white rat was the ______ and the loud noise was the ________

CS;US

A researcher trains a little boy to fear a rabbit by making a loud, frightening noise every time the boy approaches the rabbit. This type of learning is known as____

Classical Conditioning

Desensitization therapy is based primarily on the principles of ________.

Classical conditioning

Learning that involves associating one event with another

Classical conditioning

The transfer of a response from one stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus is called

Classical conditioning

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the __________

Conditioned stimulus

A kind of therapy closely related to classical conditioning that is designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation is know as a ____

Desensitization

We associate the name _______ most closet with classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

The person most closely associated with the development of desensitization therapy is ________

Joseph Wolpe

When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to

Occur more frequently

_____________reinforcers result in the learning of new behaviors or the strengthening of existing ones

Positive and negative

The process by which some stimuli, such as snakes, are readily conditioned for fear response in humans is called______

Preparedness

Any stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated is a________

Punisher

A budding author wishes to improve her typing. Which of the following would be least helpful in a program to help her reach her goal?

Punishing herself when she fails

Any stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated is a________

Reinforced

Operant conditioning operates on the principle that behaviors occur more often when they are___________

Reinforced

The psychologist most closely associated with the concept of preparedness is_____

Seligman

Box used in operant conditioning for animals, which limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur, is called a __________ box.

Skinner "box"

The two researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are ______

Skinner and Thorndike

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the meat was the_________

Unconditioned stimulus

Edward Lee Thorndike was known his work with

a puzzle box

In the experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned response was fear of

a rat

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the _________

cat food

Researchers have discovered that many autoimmune disorders can be successfully controlled without drug treatments through the use of _______ procedures

classical conditioning

After conditioning, the response an organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is presented is a ____________

conditioned response

An originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditional stimulus and eventually produces the desired response when presented alone is a __________

conditioned response

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the bell was the ____________

conditioned response

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the___________

cupboard door opening

Conditioned taste aversions are found

in humans and other organisms with well-developed taste

Positive reinforcement ________ the likelihood that the behavior preceding it will happen again while negative reinforcement ________ the likelihood that the preceding behavior will happen again.

increase; increase

Pairing the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus on only in a portion of the learning trials is called__________

intermittent pairing

The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior

learning

In the experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned response was fear of the

loud noise

A child is scolded for using his fingers to eat and stops getting scolded when he uses a fork this is an example of

negative reinforcement

Any events who reduction of termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will occur

negative reinforcer

A Skinner box is most likely to be used inresearch on______

operant conditioning

A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner, he gets a cookie for desert. This type of learning is best explained by________

operant conditioning

Instrumental conditioning is another term for

operant conditioning

Kevin is a good student. he studies hard because when does he gets the teacher's approval. His studying behavior was probably learned through_____

operant conditioning

The idea that a behavior will increase or decrease based on the consequences that follow that behavior is crucial to

operant conditioning

According to the law of effect, a behavior is most likely to be repeated when it

paired with reinforcement

Any events whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will occur

positive reinforcer

The use of intermittent pairing ________ the rate of learning while it __________ the final strength of the learned response

reduces; reduces

Learning is a process by which experience results in

relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge

Changing behavior through reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior

shaping

Conditioned taste aversions are typically learned after a _______ pairing between the aversive food and the nauseous reaction to it

single

A response that takes place in an organism wherever an unconditional stimulus occurs is a _____________

unconditioned response

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the meat was the __________

unconditioned response

Mary Colbert Jones first demonstrated that children's fears can be

unlearned through classical conditioning