Psychology Ch. 5
Classical conditioning has been demonstrated in what species
Humans and other animals
In the Watson and Rayner study of Little Albert, the white rat was the ______ and the loud noise was the ________
CS;US
A researcher trains a little boy to fear a rabbit by making a loud, frightening noise every time the boy approaches the rabbit. This type of learning is known as____
Classical Conditioning
Desensitization therapy is based primarily on the principles of ________.
Classical conditioning
Learning that involves associating one event with another
Classical conditioning
The transfer of a response from one stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus is called
Classical conditioning
By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the __________
Conditioned stimulus
A kind of therapy closely related to classical conditioning that is designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation is know as a ____
Desensitization
We associate the name _______ most closet with classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov
The person most closely associated with the development of desensitization therapy is ________
Joseph Wolpe
When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to
Occur more frequently
_____________reinforcers result in the learning of new behaviors or the strengthening of existing ones
Positive and negative
The process by which some stimuli, such as snakes, are readily conditioned for fear response in humans is called______
Preparedness
Any stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated is a________
Punisher
A budding author wishes to improve her typing. Which of the following would be least helpful in a program to help her reach her goal?
Punishing herself when she fails
Any stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated is a________
Reinforced
Operant conditioning operates on the principle that behaviors occur more often when they are___________
Reinforced
The psychologist most closely associated with the concept of preparedness is_____
Seligman
Box used in operant conditioning for animals, which limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur, is called a __________ box.
Skinner "box"
The two researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are ______
Skinner and Thorndike
By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the meat was the_________
Unconditioned stimulus
Edward Lee Thorndike was known his work with
a puzzle box
In the experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned response was fear of
a rat
Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the _________
cat food
Researchers have discovered that many autoimmune disorders can be successfully controlled without drug treatments through the use of _______ procedures
classical conditioning
After conditioning, the response an organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is presented is a ____________
conditioned response
An originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditional stimulus and eventually produces the desired response when presented alone is a __________
conditioned response
By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the bell was the ____________
conditioned response
Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the___________
cupboard door opening
Conditioned taste aversions are found
in humans and other organisms with well-developed taste
Positive reinforcement ________ the likelihood that the behavior preceding it will happen again while negative reinforcement ________ the likelihood that the preceding behavior will happen again.
increase; increase
Pairing the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus on only in a portion of the learning trials is called__________
intermittent pairing
The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior
learning
In the experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned response was fear of the
loud noise
A child is scolded for using his fingers to eat and stops getting scolded when he uses a fork this is an example of
negative reinforcement
Any events who reduction of termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will occur
negative reinforcer
A Skinner box is most likely to be used inresearch on______
operant conditioning
A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner, he gets a cookie for desert. This type of learning is best explained by________
operant conditioning
Instrumental conditioning is another term for
operant conditioning
Kevin is a good student. he studies hard because when does he gets the teacher's approval. His studying behavior was probably learned through_____
operant conditioning
The idea that a behavior will increase or decrease based on the consequences that follow that behavior is crucial to
operant conditioning
According to the law of effect, a behavior is most likely to be repeated when it
paired with reinforcement
Any events whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will occur
positive reinforcer
The use of intermittent pairing ________ the rate of learning while it __________ the final strength of the learned response
reduces; reduces
Learning is a process by which experience results in
relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge
Changing behavior through reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior
shaping
Conditioned taste aversions are typically learned after a _______ pairing between the aversive food and the nauseous reaction to it
single
A response that takes place in an organism wherever an unconditional stimulus occurs is a _____________
unconditioned response
By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the meat was the __________
unconditioned response
Mary Colbert Jones first demonstrated that children's fears can be
unlearned through classical conditioning