SPCH 1318 CH7

B. People from the U.S and Canada use the following cues to help them recognize when a person is lying

- greater time lag in response to a question - reduced eye contact - increased shift in posture - unfilled pauses - less smiling - slower speech - higher pitch in voice - more deliberate pronunciation and articulation in words.

D. Be aware of limitations when interpreting nonverbal messages: nonverbal interpretation is culture based

1. there is more underlying cross-cultural bias for expressing emotion 2. each culture may develop unique rules for displaying and interpreting these nonverbal messages [New Orleans jazz funeral]

F. Space: proxemics

is the study of how close or far from people and object people position themselves

A. body movement and posture: adaptors

nonverbal behavior that satisfy a personal need and help a person to adapt to the immediate situation. [when you adjust your glasses, scratch a mosquito bite, or comb your hairs, to adapt to your surrounding to help manage your personal need and surroundings].

C. Facial Expression: complex facial expressions are easier to interpret

people are better to judge the accuracy of facial expressions when the expressions are complex. Multiple cues in a facial expression with compound meanings may make interpretation easier.

B. Eye Contact: monitoring function

people use eye contact to monitor the behavior of others. [you look at others to determine whether they like what you are saying].

F. Space: high contact culture vs. low contact culture

people who live in high-contact culture initiate touch more than people from low contact culture.

A. body movement and posture: posture and body orientation reveal important information

posture and body orientation reveal important information

B. Look for dimension of meaning in nonverbal messages: immediacy cues:

proximity, eye contact, facial expression, gestures, posture, touch, and voice

B. Eye Contact: establish eye contact with others

research further suggests that we spend the majority of our time looking at other facial features rather than establishing and holding direct gaze.

B. Eye Contact: times when you are more likely vs. less likely to have eye contact with someone

research has suggested that we spend the majority of our time looking to have eye contact with someone. [you are likely to make eye contact if you like or love to other person, are listening rather than talking, are discussing pleasant topics, are an extrovert, have strong need to be liked, trying to dominate the conversation etc].

A. body movement and posture: attempt to persuade someone

when you attempt to persuade someone, you typically have eye contact and a more face-to-face body orientation; you are more likely to lean forward and closer to others.

F. Space: personal space

zone of personal space most often used for conversation, ranging from 1.5-4 ft. from the individual. Most of our conversation with friends and family occur in this zone; if someone we do not know invade this space, we will feel uncomfortable.

C. Facial Expression: you can probably spot a phony smile

We seem to be able to determine whether someone is really happy or merely offering a phony smile. A genuine smile is more fleeting than a forced smile, which tends to last a bit too long.

C. Facial Expression: you can control some facial expressions

although our faces provide a great deal of information about emotions, we have learned how to control our facial expressions.

C use of effective strategies for interpreting nonverbal messages: consider past experiences when interpreting nonverbal cues

"familiarity breeds contempt" 1.familiarity with another person increases our ability to interpret his or her behavior. 2. After knowing someone for a period of time, you begin to increase your sensitivity to certain glances, silences, and vocal cues that might be overlooked or misunderstood by others. [when your mother cries during your performance, it signals pride, not melancholy].

F. Space: the specific space you and other choose depends on several variables

1. The more we like someone the closer you will stand. 2. We allow high-status people to surround themselves with more space vs. low-status people 3. large people also usually have more space around them than smaller ones. 4. all of us tend to stand closer to each other in a large room than we do in a small room. 5. Our culture plays a significant role in determining how close to others we work or stand, as well as the power and status of individuals with whom we interact.

H. Touch: the amount of touch we need, tolerate, receive, and initiate depends on many factors.

1. the amount and kind of touching you receive in your family is one big influence 2. Most of us are more likely to touch people when we are feeling friendly, happy, or under other specific circumstances

B. Eye Contact:

1. cognitive function 2. monitoring function 3. regulatory function 4. expressive function

B. Look for dimension of meaning in nonverbal messages: Michael Argyle summarized the nonverbal cues that communicate dominance.

1. use of space [height, facing group, space] 2. eye contact [less in lower status, and more when talking, initially establishing dominance when starting to establish power] 3. face [no smile, frown, mature adult features] 4. touch [initiate touch] 5. voice [loud, low pitch, greater pitch range, slow, more interruption, more talk, slight hesitation before speaking]. 6. gesture [pointing at the other or at his or her property]. 7. posture [standing, hands, on hips, expanded chest, more relaxed].

B. nonverbal messages are usually more believable than verbal messages.

1. verbal messages are more difficult to fake. 2. Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen have identified the hands, face, and feet as KEY sources of NONVERBAL CUES. 3. Lie detectors rely on unconscious nonverbal cues.

Why nonverbal communication is an important area of study

A. primary way we communicate our feelings and attitude

C. Facial Expression: capable of producing more than 250,000 different expression

Face is capable of producing over 250,000 different expressions.

C. Facial Expression: your face displays microexpressions

Most people have difficulty detecting micro expressions, which are fleeting facial expressions that may last only 0.5 of a second.

D interaction adaptation theory

a predictor of how you interact with others verbally and nonverbally is you tendency to adapt to what others are doing. - we respond to what people say and nonverbally messages to help us navigate through our interpersonal communication. [ your friend leans forward to tell a story, you may lean forward to listen].

nonverbal communication

behavior other than written or spoken language that creates meaning for someone

F. Space: low contact culture

culture in which people experience less contact and personal closeness, often from cooler climates.

B. Eye Contact: regulatory function

eye contact is one of the most powerful regulatory functions used to signal when you want to talk and when you do not. [when standing in a group at a crowded bakery, you fix your eyes on the clerk to signal. "my turn is next. please wait on me."]

D we relate to others through

- movements - eye contact - gestures - and nonverbal cues

C. cues when you want to talk

- eye contact - raised eyebrows - open mouth - perhaps a subtle - single raised index finger

E. nonverbal messages play a major role in interpersonal relationships

1. 65 % of the social or relational meaning in messages is based on nonverbal communication. 2. people begin to make judgement about strangers just a fraction of a second after meeting them based on nonverbal information. 3. important when providing comforting messages to others during stress and anxiety 4. important when we initiate relationships, but also when we maintain and develop mature relationships with others. 5. long-married couples spent less time verbalizing feelings and emotions; they learn to interpret each other's subtle nonverbal cues. 6. signal turning point in relationships; turning points are specific events or interaction associated with positive or negative change in relationship

I Appearances

1. American culture places a high value on how much we weight, the style of our hair, and the clothes we wear. 2. The shape and size of your body affects how others perceive you 3. Your clothes also affect how others perceive you 4. skin color also influences perception

B. Look for the dimension of meaning in nonverbal messages: Mehrabian

1. Mehrabian found that we synthesize and interpret nonverbal cues along three primary dimension: immediacy, arousal, dominance 2. observe immediacy that communicate liking

D: Vocal Cues:

1. Vocal cues communicate emotions and help us manage conversations. 2. Even lack of vocal cues communicate information. 3. We make a variety of inferences about other people based on the pitch, rate, volume, and quality of their voices and their skill of pronouncing words and articulate speech sound. 4. Based only on vocal cues we make guesses about a person's personality, power, and credibility.

C use of effective strategies for interpreting nonverbal messages: perception checking

1. asking someone whether your perception of his or her nonverbal behavior is accurate 2. first, observe the person's nonverbal cues, making a point to note such variables as amount of eye contact, posture, use of gestures, facial expression, and tone of voice. 3 Second, try to interpret what the individual is expressing through his nonverbal behavior 4. finally, check your perception by asking him if is accurate

B. observe other's reaction to your nonverbal behavior

1. be a detective on the lookout for clues about how your nonverbal is creating meaning for others 2. are you doing something to trigger a negative reaction in others. [you may be in a good mood but the other person is not seem to responding positively].

C. ask others about your nonverbal behavior

1. close friends can offer honest advice about nonverbal impressions you make on others 2. consider asking whether your actions fit your words and whether the feeling and overall mood you have is what you are communicating nonverbally

I Appearances: clothes affect how others perceive you

1. clothes you wear are a way of communication to others how you want to be treater 2. there is no single formula for dressing for success

C use of effective strategies for interpreting nonverbal messages: look for clusters of nonverbal cues

1. corroborating (confirm) cues can lead you to a more accurate conclusion about a meaning of a behavior 2. consider nonverbal behavior in conjunction with other nonverbal cues, the environment, and the person's verbal messages. [is the person making eye contact, is he facing you, how far away is he standing from you].

A. body movement and posture: quasi-courtship behavior

1. courtship readiness: suck in your stomach, tense your muscles, stand up straight 2. preening behavior: you manipulate your behavior by hair, applying makeup, straightening tie, pulling up your socks, check appearance in mirror 3. positional cues: using your posture and body orientation to be seen and noticed by others. 4. appeals to invitation: explicit efforts to express interest involve moving closer to someone, exposing skin, displaying open body position, and using direct eye contact to signal availability interest

C use of effective strategies for interpreting nonverbal messages: emotional contagion theory

1. emotional expression is contagious, people can "catch" emotions just by observing each other's emotional expression 2. interpersonal interactions with other can affect your nonverbal expression of emotions. [if you want joy= express joyfulness, if you want fear= express fear].

7.4 A. be mindful of your nonverbal behavior

1. even if you are not aware of feeling anxious or nervous, your nonverbal behavior may send those message unless your are mindful of what you are doing 2. being aware of your nonverbal behavior is the first step in improving your skill in expressing your feeling to other 3. if you nonverbal does not match your verbal message, it is your nonverbal message that will carry the most that will carry the most weight in influencing the meaning of the message.

B. Look for dimension of meaning in nonverbal messages: observe arousal cues that communicate responsiveness

1. face, voice, and movement are primary indicator of arousal, or feelings of interest and excitement. 2. If we sense arousal cues, we conclude to another person is responsive to and interested in us. 3. Forward lean, a flash of eyebrows, and a nod of the head are other cues that implicitly communicate arousal.

I Appearances: shape and size affect how others see you

1. heavier and rounder individuals are often perceived to be bolder, more old-fashioned, less good-looking, more talkative, and more good-natured than thin people. 2. Thin people are perceived to be ambitious 3. muscular and athletically fit people are seen as better looking, taller, and more adventurous

D. nonverbal messages help people respond and adapt to others.

1. interaction adaptation theory 2. interaction synchrony

F. Space: Edward T. Hall identified four zones in Western cultures unconsciously define for themselves

1. intimate space 2. personal space 3. social space 4. public space

A. Body movement and postures

1. kinesics 2. quasi courtship 3. nonverbal that make us label a person warm and friendly or cold and distant 4. posture and body orientation reveal important information 5. nonverbal cues of open body and arm position, a forward lean, a more relaxed posture communicate liking. 6. when you are attempting to persuade 7. five categories of nonverbal communication 8. emblems 9. illustrator 10. affect display 11. regulator 12. adaptor

C use of effective strategies for interpreting nonverbal messages: Cues that may communicate lying

1. look for nonverbal cues 2. listen to content of what the person says 3. measure such physiological responses as heart rate, breathing, and so on. 4. ask other people for collaboration information, or do your own detection [shoulder shrug, tightened corner of his lip, lengthwise stretching of his lips provided telltale signals].

7.2 understanding nonverbal communication codes

1. movement and gestures 2. eye contact 3. facial expressions 4. vocal cues 5. use of space 6. territory 7. touch 8. personal space

C. nonverbal cues help us manage verbal messages

1. nonverbal cues can substitute for verbal messages, as well as repeat, contradict, or regulate what we say 2. we also use nonverbal cues to regulate our participation in verbal exchanges.

C. nonverbal messages work with verbal messages to create meaning

1. nonverbal cues help us manage verbal messages. [extended thump signal would like a ride vs, when someone asks "which way did he go" and you point which way]. 2. nonverbal cues bolster the emotional meaning of verbal messages.

D. Be aware of limitations when interpreting nonverbal messages: nonverbal cues are multichanneled

1. nonverbal messages come from a variety of sources simultaneously 2. although you can move along them rapidly, you can only actually attend to one nonverbal cue at the time. Negative nonverbal messages (frowns, grimace, lack of eye contact) command attention before positive messages.

B. Look for dimension of meaning in nonverbal messages: Dominance

1. power, status, position, and importance- communicated through nonverbal cues, such as relaxed posture, greater personal space, and protected personal space. 2. higher status people have a relaxed body posture when interacting with a person of lower status 3.higher status people initiate handshake 4. high status have more space around them, bigger offices, and have "barriers" 5. power and cues that communicate feelings of dominance include furniture, clothing, and location 5. Michael Argyle theory

D. practice your nonverbal behavior

1. practice nonverbal social skills you think you need to polish, such as greeting others or expressing positive and negative emotions 2. this can increase your awareness of how others see you.

A psychologist Albert Mehrabian

1. primary source of relationship cues 2. As little as 7% of emotional meaning of a message is communicated through explicit verbal channel. Vocal cues: volume, pitch, and intensity communicate 38% of our emotional meaning. 93% of our emotional meaning of the emotional meaning of our message nonverbally and 7% verbally. Power of nonverbal messages in the communication of emotions. 3. Most significant is the face which channels 55% of our meaning.

C use of effective strategies for interpreting nonverbal messages: be aware of your skill in interpreting nonverbal messages

1. some people are simply better at interpreting nonverbal cues than other 2. by reflecting on your own skill in accurately interpreting nonverbal cues, you can decide whether you need to increase you awareness of unspoken messages of others.

C. nonverbal cues bolster our emotional meaning of verbal messages.

1. spoken cues accent and complement verbal messages to increase and decrease the emotional impact of the way we say 2. simultaneous and complementary verbal and nonverbal messages can help to color emotion we express or the attitude we convey [length of a high while you tell your son how proud you are of him vs. firmness of a handshake when you greet a job interviewer].

C. Facial Expression: six PRIMARY emotional categories

1. surprise [wide-open eyes] 2. fear [open mouth] 3. disgust [raised or curled upper lip]. 4. anger [tensed lower eyelid] 5. happiness [smiling] 6. sadness [lip may tremble]

D. Be aware of limitations when interpreting nonverbal messages: nonverbal messages are ambiguous

1. the meaning of nonverbal messages may be known only by one person displaying them. 2. The person may not intend the behavior to have any meaning at all 3. some people of difficultly expressing their emotions nonverbally.

I Appearances: American culture value : weight, hair style, and clothes

1. these things are especially important in the early stage of relationship development 2. attractive females have an easier time persuading others than those who are perceived as less attractive 3. Americans think attractive people are more credible, happier, more popular; sociable, and even more prosperous than less attractive people 4. If you believe others think a person is attractive, you will more likely evaluate that person as attractive too

E. Our vocal cues provide clues about our relationship:

1. vocal cues your level of intimacy with others. 2. provide information about our self-confidence and our knowledge of the subject matter in our messages 3. Most people would conclude that a speaker who mumbles, speaks slowly, consistently mispronounces words, and uses "uhs" and "ums" is less credible and persuasive than one who speaks clearly, rapidly, and fluently. 4. moderate to slightly faster speaking rates are thought to be "socially attractive" than those who have slow rate of speech. 5. vocal cues help us manage our conversations 6. our use of silence speaks volumes

A. body movement and posture: nonverbal behavior that make us label a person warm and friendly or cold and distant

1. warm: people face their communication partner directly, smile more, make more direct eye contact, fidget less, and generally make fewer unnecessary hand movements. 2. cold: people make less eye contact, smile less, fidget more, and turn away from their partner.

H. Touch:

1. we touch when we express intimacy 2. increased touching usually means escalation in both conversation and physical intimacy 3. we make inferences about who has to most power or is the most dominant in a relationship based on who controls hand-holding cues. 4. intimate touching is vital to our relationship development and well-being 5. the amount of touch we need, tolerate, receive, and initiate depends on many factors.

H. Touch: Most of us are more likely to touch people when we are feeling friendly, happy, or under other specific circumstances

1. when we ask someone to do something for us 2. when we share rather than ask for, information 3. when we try to persuade someone to do something 4. when we are talking about intimate topics 5. when we are in social settings that we choose rather in professional settings that are part of our job 6. when we are thrilled and excited to share good news 7. when we listen to a troubled or worried friend.

E. people make a judgment about strangers just a fraction of a second after meeting them based on nonverbal information

1. within the first four minutes, you draw conclusions about others. 2. you may decide whether a date is going to be pleasant or dull within 30 seconds of meeting your partner

D. Be aware of limitations when interpreting nonverbal messages: nonverbal messages are continuous

1. words are discreet entities that have a beginning and an end 2. nonverbal cues occur in continuous stream that have no set beginning and end, so they are difficult to categorize and interpret.

C. Facial Expression: facial expressions and people's interpretation of them

1. you can control some facial expressions 2. facial expressions are contagious 3. smiling is cross cultural 4. you can probably spot a phony smile 5. there may be a universal basis of interpreting facial expressions 6. complex facial expressions are easier to interpret 7. your face displays micro-expressions

D: Vocal Cues: our vocal cues communicate emotions

1. your voice is your primary tool for communicating information about the nature of a relationship between yourself and others with words and variations in the way you speak. 2. Expressions of joy and anger are obvious vocal expressions. 3. Shame and love are the most difficult to identify based on vocal cues alone. 4. we are likely to confuse fear vs. nervousness, love vs. sadness, and pride with satisfaction. 5. laughter reflects your emotional state and has a strong impact on the emotions of others.

C use of effective strategies for interpreting nonverbal messages: expectancy violation theory

compare what you expect vs. what you actually observe. We interpret the messages of other based on how we expect others to behave. when our expectations are violates, we may feel uncomfortable.

F. Space: high contact culture

culture in which people experience personal closeness and contact, often from warmer climates

B. Look for the dimension of meaning in nonverbal messages: immediacy

immediacy cues are behaviors that communicate liking and engender (developing) feelings of pleasure. we move towards persons and things we like, and we avoid or move away from those we dislike. Cues: touch, lean forward, increased eye contact, and open body orientation. When someone expresses pleasant nonverbal messages, we reciprocate. Immediate is contagious.

C. Facial Expression: facial expressions are contagious

in addition, our facial expression seem to be contagious.

C use of effective strategies for interpreting nonverbal messages: consider nonverbal cues in context

just quoting someone out of context can change the meaning of a statement, trying to draw conclusion from isolated behavior or single cue can lead to misinterpretation. [when someone hands are folded, they might be cold vs. being uncomfortable].

A. body movement and posture: affect displays (emotional)

nonverbal behavior that communicate emotions. facial expressions, vocal cues, posture, and gestures convey the intensity of your emotion. [intensity of hand movement, openness of posture, and speed of movement to tell how happy you are]. vs [you feel depressed when you reveal sadness, dejection, slumped shoulder, lower head indicate despair].

A. body movement and posture: illustrator

nonverbal behaviors that accompany verbal message and either contradict, accent, or complement it. [slamming door while announcing "I don't want to read anymore"].

7.3 A. tells

nonverbal cues such as facial expressions, body postures, or eye behaviors, that give away what we are thinking and feeling.

A. body movement and posture: emblems

nonverbal cues to have specific, generally understood meanings in a given culture and may actually substitute for a word or phrase. [ when you are busy, and your son interrupts you, and you hold up an open palm to indicate your desire for interrupted quiet.

E. Our vocal cues provide clues about our relationship: backchannel cues

nonverbal cues, typically vocal cues, that signal your wish to begin or end speaking. When we finish talking we might lower our pitch at the final word. When we want to talk we might interject sounds like "I..I..I.. or Ah..Ah..Ah.." to interrupt. Cues such as "sure" "in understand" "uh-huh" or "okay" signal that we understand the message. Useful during telephone conversations.

A. body movement and posture: regulators (physical)

nonverbal messages that help to control the interaction flow of communication between two people. [eager to respond to a message, you make eye contact, raise your eyebrows, open your mouth, raise an index finger, and lean forward slightly]. [ do not want to have conversation, avert your eyes, lean back in your seat or away from the verbal action in attempt to stay out].

C. Facial Expression: universal basis for interpreting facial expressions

researches have found that people can accurately interpret the spontaneous facial expressions of others from other cultures.

B. Eye Contact: cognitive function

serves a cognitive function because it gives you information about another person's thoughts process. [partner breaks eye contact after you ask him a question, you may conclude that he is probably thinking something so say].

E. Our vocal cues provide clues about our relationship: our silence speaks volumes

silence communicates not only when we are interacting with someone in a face-to-face, but also when we are sending an email.

D. interactional synchrony

sometimes we relate by mimicking or mirroring the posture and behavior of others. the mirroring of each other's nonverbal behavior by communication partners. nonverbally synchrony tends to be positive, nonverbally makes people think that you are purposefully imitating. friend folds arm and you also fold arm, we also move in sync to music.

E. Our vocal cues provide clues about our relationship: Sidney Baker's theory of silence

suggest that the more at ease we are when we share silence with a close friend, the more comfortable we are with just being together and enjoying each other's companionship.

B. Eye Contact: expressive function

the area around your eyes serves an expressive function. the area around your eyes provides important information about the emotions you display. [you may cry, blink, and widen or narrow your gaze to express your feelings].

C. Facial Expression: smiling is cross-cultural

the contagious nature of laughter is also the reason why TV shows have a live studio audience or use a canned laugh track. responding and reacting to others' nonverbal expressions may be universal.

G. Territory: territoriality

the study of how animals and humans use space and objects to communicate occupancy or ownership of space. "stranger and you sit down in pizza parlor, you had assumed "ownership" of the booth in the pizza parlor and the accompanying "right" to determine who sat with you, because you and your pizza occupied the booth. The intrusive stranger broke the rules that govern territoriality."

A. body movement and posture: kinesics

the study of human movement and gesture

F. Space: public space

the zone of interaction most often used by public speakers or anyone speaking to many people, ranging beyond 12ft. from the individual.

F. Space: intimate space

the zone of personal space most often used for very personal or intimate interactions, ranging from 0 to 1.5 feet from the individual. Open only to those whom you are well acquainted, unless you are forced like an elevator, fast food line, or crowded area.

F. Space: social space

the zone of personal space most often used in group interactions, as well as professional relationships range from 4 to 12 ft. Social space tend to be more formal than the two first zones.

A. body movement and posture: common verbal cues to communicate liking

these nonverbal cues included open body and arm position, a forward lean, and a relaxed posture.

G. Territory: territorial markers

things that signify that the area has been claimed. "planted flags claiming uncharted land for their kings," or "leave laptop at a desk to buy some coffee." We also use markers to indicate where our space stops and someone else's starts "fences"

C. Facial Expression: interpret partner's facial expression accurately

to interpret our partner's facial expression accurately, we need to put our other-orientation skills to work, focusing on what the other person may be thinking or feeling. [recognize anger, contempt, disgust, fear, and sadness on someone's face has been shown to enhance the ability to manage conflict].

A. nonverbal messages are the primary way we communicate our feelings and attitude.

tone of voice, eye contact, facial expression, posture, movement, general appearance, use of personal space, manipulation of environment.