Psychology Ch. 6 & 7

A _____ is a general mental framework that helps people to organize and understand information.

Schema

True or false: The heritability of intelligence is static across the lifespan.

False

True or false: Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location.

False -Memory is not like a file cabinet

True or false: There are five levels of processing in the encoding process.

False -There is only 3

Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on _____.

Forgetting

_____ attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others.

Selective

Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of _____.

Selective attention

The three stages of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are _____ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Sensory

_____ memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

Sensory

Infinite _____ is the ability to produce an infinite number of sentences using a relatively limited set of rules.

Generativity

Estimates of _____ can change over time and across different groups; estimates for intelligence may differ with changes in nutrition, quality of school, neighborhood stability, and other factors.

Heritability

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route, Kareem used mental _____ to remember the necessary-route.

Imagery

When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of _____.

Imagery

Which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time?

Sensory memory

_____ memory is a limited capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

Short-term

You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after your drive a little farther, you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of _____ - ______ memory.

Short-term memory

Gary has decided to re-landscape his front yard. He's set some deadlines for himself: by Tuesday, he wants to have the weeds pulled, and by Friday, he wants to have the new plants in. Gary is using _____ in reaching his goal of a new front yard.

Subgoals

Marie's dorm room is a total mess, and Marie is so overwhelmed, she doesn't know how to fix it. Marie's older sister tells her to start by putting dirty clothes in the hamper and folding the clean ones, and then to move on to putting away books and papers. Marie's sister is using _____ to help Marie solve her problem.

Subgoals

What is infinite generativity?

The ability to produce an infinite number of sentences using a relatively limited set of rules.

What is validity?

The extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure

What is reasoning?

The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation on while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that ______.

There is no one memory center in the brain p.

Cognitive psychology is the study of thought, language, memory, and reasoning of ______.

Thought, language, memory, and reasoning

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are _____ systems in memory.

Three

An IQ test is considered _____ if it actually tests cognitive ability.

Valid

A test (such as an IQ test) that accurately measures what it is intended to measure is highly _____.

Validity

You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of _____ memory.

Implicit

_____ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience.

Implicit

_____ reasoning is reasoning from the specific to the general.

Inductive

Problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from life's everyday experiences is known as _____.

Intelligence

Many experts believe that biological evolution that occurred long before _____ emerged shaped humans into linguistic individuals.

Language

_____ is a communication system that follows rules of syntax and grammer.

Language

Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _____ memory.

Procedural

Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of _____ memory.

Procedural

Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of _____.

Procedural

Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with _____ memory.

Prospective

The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is _____ memory.

Prospective

_____ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; _____ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items.

Recall and Recognition

The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions is known as _____. This activity is involved in problem solving and decision making.

Researching

Memory is defined as the _____.

Retention of information or experience over time

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as _____ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.

Retrieval

Which of the following is the memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage?

Retrieval

_____ is the memory process by which information retained in memory is brought out of storage, that is, when we recall or remember something.

Retrieval

_____ intelligence is the ability to judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast.

Analytical

When considering the _____ influences on language, a number of experts believe that language is very recent human ability.

Biological

Thinking, language, memory, and reasoning are all parts of _____ psychology.

Cognitive

When it comes to categorizing new information, our brains use several techniques; for example, the mental category that is used to group objects and events is called a _____.

Concept

_____ are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.

Concepts

Explicit memory is the _____ recollection of information such as facts and events.

Conscious

What are some traits of those who are intellectually gifted?

-Higher than normal IQ -Well-adjusted

Which of the following options are true of explicit memory?

-It is sometimes referred to as declarative memory -It has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic

Which of the following are levels of autobiographical memory?

-Life time periods -Event-specific knowledge -General events

Thinking may involve which of the following?

-Visual images -Data in any sensory modality

_____ is a learning disability characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension, despite normal intelligence.

Dyslexia

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of _____.

Elaboration

When _____ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be remembered information meaningful, and has engaged in detailed processing.

Elaboration

According to levels of processing, the process of _____ involves three levels.

Encoding

Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?

Encoding

The initial recording of information into memory is called _____.

Encoding

_____ failure to occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory

Encoding

Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory, a special form of _____ memory (which is one of explicit memories subtypes), is a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

Episodic

Being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities is known as which of the following?

Mindfulness

Encoding failure occurs when the information was _____.

Never entered into long-term memory

Long-term memory is a _____ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information.

Permanent

All of the following are aspects of thinking, EXCEPT _____.

Physically manipulating objects

Alan had a list of items to buy at the hardware store, but when he arrived at the store, he found he had forgotten to bring his list, "Oh, well," he said, "I remember the first three, so I may as well get those." This illustrates the _____ effect.

Primacy

In terms of the effects of serial position, the _____effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning.

Primacy