Psychology ch 6 & 8 studyguide

What is the main idea of social learning theory? A. One can learn new behaviors by observing others. B. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. C. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. D. Fear is a conditioned response.

A. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics. B. dreaming about an airport and deciding to take a trip. C. remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES. D. thinking about a bike you plan to buy and having the image of the bike appear in your mind.

A. being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics.

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response. A. classical. B. operant. C. stimulus. D. response.

A. classical.

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. A. construction; reconstruction. B. information; misinformation. C. equipotentiality; amnesia. D. coding; recoding.

A. construction; reconstruction.

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. A. encoding failure. B. effortless processing. C. enigmatic processing. D. effortful processing.

A. encoding failure.

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? A. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV. B. thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind. C. being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once. D. dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation.

A. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV.

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons? A. conditions. B. instincts. C. operants. D. reflexes.

B. instincts.

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________. A. encoding. B. retrieval. C. storage. D. hyperthymesia.

B. retrieval.

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? A. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl. B. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior. C. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener. D. when a dog refuses to play dead.

B. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response. A. The word "extinguished" should be changed to the word "acquired." B. The word "spontaneous" should be changed to the word "planned." C. The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery." D. The word "response" should be changed to the word "stimulus."

C. The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery."

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds. A. effortful. B. semantic. C. acoustic. D. visual.

C. acoustic.

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed ratio. B. variable ratio. C. variable interval. D. fixed interval.

C. variable interval.

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule. A. UCS alone; intermittent. B. CS + UCS; intermittent. C. UCS alone; continuous. D. CS + UCS; continuous.

D. CS + UCS; continuous.

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning. A. Rosalie Rayner. B. Little Albert. C. Ivan Pavlov. D. Edward C. Tolman.

D. Edward C. Tolman.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention. A. change the word "attention" to the word "focus." B. change the word "lapses" to the word "delays." C. change the word "memory" to the word "emotions." D. change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness."

D. change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness."

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________. A. unconditioned response. B. unconditioned stimulus. C. conditioned response. D. conditioned stimulus.

D. conditioned stimulus.

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task? A. levels of processing hypothesis. B. Stroop effect. C. chunking effect. D. equipotentiality hypothesis.

D. equipotentiality hypothesis.

What is episodic memory? A. storage of facts and events we have personally experienced. B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts. C. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things. D. information about events we have personally experienced.

D. information about events we have personally experienced.

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________. A. other people will influence bystanders to change details in their short term memory. B. research proves it always happens when the event is unimportant. C. people are unreliable and don't pay attention, so they make things up. D. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories.

D. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories.

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________. A. higher order conditioning. B. classical conditioning. C. neutral stimulus. D. spontaneous recovery.

D. spontaneous recovery.