Psychology Chapter 1

In the 1600s, the views of the Greek philosophers were revived by ______, who believed that most knowledge comes in through the senses, and ________, who believed that some ideas are innate.

Locke, Descartes.

Jawan believes that psychologists should go back to using introspection as a research tool. This technique is based on ______________.

Self-examination of mental processes

A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working from the _________ perspective.

Social-cultural

The Greek Philosopher _______ developed early theories about _____, ______, ______, _____, _____, and ______.

Socrates, Plato, mind, body, innate, Aristotle, experiences.

The first female president of the American Psychological Association was ______. The first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology was __________.

Mary Calkins, Margaret Floy washburn.

In its earliest years, psychology was defined as the science of _______ life. From the 1920s into the 1960s, psychology in America was redefined as the science of ______ behavior.

Mental, observable.

In concluding her reoport on the "nature-nurture debate in contemporary psychology, " Karen notes that ______________.

Most psychologists believe that nature is a more important influence on the development of most human traits.

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the interaction of the brain and body in behavior?

Neuroscience

Although the debate continues, we will see that _______ works on what _______ endows and that every _______ event is simultaneously a _______ event.

Nurture, nature, psychological, biological.

A major principle underlying the SQ3R study method is that ______________

People learn and remember material best when they actively process it.

Your roommate announces that her schedule permits her to devote three hours to studying for an upcoming quiz, you advise her to ____________.

Space study time over several short sessions.

Put the following steps of the S3QR in order: survey, review, question, read, reflect.

Survey, question, read, review, reflect.

True or False? The school of structuralism fell from favor in part because the method of introspection was unreliable.

True

True or False? The subject matter of psychology has changed over the history of the field.

True

In defining psychology, the text notes that psychology is most accurately described as a ___________.

Way of asking and answering questions.

A psychologist who studies how worker productivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in ______ research.

applied

As a science, psychology is less as set of findings than a way of _______ _____ ________ __________.

asking and answering questions.

Psychologists may be involved in conducting _____ _______, which builds psychology's knowledge base, or _____ ________, which seeks solutions to practical problems.

basic research, applied research.

The text author defines psychology as the scientific study of ________ and ________ processes.

behavior, mental.

Psychologists who study the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed are working from the __________ perspective.

behavioral

The psychological perspective that places the most emphasis on how observable responses are learned is the _______ perspective.

behavioral

As a response to Freudian psychology and to ________, which they considered too mechanistic, pioneers _________ and _______ forged _______ psychology. This new perspective emphasized the __________ potential of _________ people.

behaviorism, Cari Rogers, Abraham Maslow, humanistic, growth, healthy.

the nature-nurture issue is the controversy over the relative contributions of ________ and _________.

biology, experience.

Dr. Waung investigates how a persons interpretation of a situation affects his or her reaction. Evidently, Dr. Waung is working from the __________ perspective.

cognitive

The __________ perspective explores how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

cognitive

During the 1960s, psychology underwent a ________ reveolution as it began to recapture interest in how our __________ processes and retains information. The study of brain activity linked with mental activity is called _______ ________.

cognitive, mind, cognitive neuroscience.

During a dinner conversation, a friends says that the cognitive and behavioral perspectives are quite similar. You disagree and point out that the cognitive perspective emphasizes ___________ , whereas the behavioral perspective emphasizes _________.

conscious processes; observable responses

Psychologists who help people cope with problems in living are called _________ psychologists. Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called _____ psychologists.

counseling, clinical.

The biopsychosocial approach emphasizes the importance of _________.

different levels of analysis in exploring behavior and mental processes.

Psychologists who study how natural selection influences behavior tendencies are working from the _______- perspective, whereas those concerned with the relative influences of genes and environment of individual differences are working from the _____ perspective.

evolutionary, behavior genetics

During his presentation on the history of psychology, Sanjay notes that Darwin's theory led most directly to the development of the school of _____________.

functionalism

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated with _________.

humanistic psychology

Today, psychology is defined as the ________________

science of behavior and mental processes.

In its earliest days, psychology was defined as the ____________

science of mental life.

In psychology, behavior is best defined as __________.

Any action we can observe and record.

A psychologist who conducts experiments solely intended to build psychology's knowledge base is engaged in __________.

Basic research

Psychology is defined as the "science of behavior and mental processes." Wilhelm Wundt would have omitted which of the following words from this definition?

Behavior

Psychologists who study the degress to which genes influence out personality are working from the ______ perspective.

Behavior genetics

The historical roots of psychology include the fields of _______ and ______.

Biology, philosophy

Professor Gutierrez, who believes that human emotions are best understood as being jointly determined by heredity, learning, and the individual's social and cultural contexts, is evidently a proponent of the __________.

Biopsychososical approach

In 1859, naturalist _______ explained species variation by proposing the process of _, which works through the principle of __________ _________.

Charles Darwin, evolution, natural selection.

Psychologists who study, assess and treat troubled people are called ___________.

Clinical psychologists

The way we encode, process, store, and retrieve information is the primary concern of the _________ perspective.

Cognitive

Psychologists who study how brain activity is linked to memory, perception, and other thought processes are called _____________.

Cognitive neuroscientists.

The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was __________.

Plato

Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior? a. the issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior b. the issue of the relative influence of rewards and punishments on behavior. c. the debate as to the relative importance of heredity and instinct in determining behavior. d. the debate as o whether mental processes are a legitimate area of scientific.

The issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior.

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology is the science of mental life?"

Wihelm Wundt

Who wrote the early textbook Principles of Psychology?

William James

The first psychology laboratory was established by _________ in the year _________.

Wundt; 1879

Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses?

behavioral

The different perspectives on the big issues __________(contradict / complement) on another

complement

Worldwide, the number of psychologists is _______ (increasing / decreasing). Thanks to international publications and meetings, psychological science is also _______.

increasing, globalizing.

Psychologists who study how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences are working from the _________ perspective.

neuroscience

A philosophical views of John Locke are to those of Rene Descartes as ________ is to ___________-.

nurture; nature

Dr. Ernst explains behavior in terms of different situations. Dr. Ernst is working from the ______ perspective.

social- cultural

Psychologists who study how thinking and behavior var in different situations are working from the ______-_____________ perspective.

social- cultural

Each person is a complex _________ that is part of a larger ________ __________ and at the same time composed of smaller systems. For this reason, psychologists work from three main ________ of ________- which together form an integrated _______ approach to the study of behavior and mental processes.

system, social system, levels, analysis, psychological, social-cultural, biopsychosocial.

True or False? Today,most psychologists work within the behavioral perspective.

False

True or False? The primary research tool of the first psychologists was the experiment.

False

True or False? The major perspectives in psychology contradict one another.

False

Today, psychology is a discipline that ____________.

Connects with a diversity of other fields.

Terrence wants to talk to a professional to help him cope with some academic challenges he's facing. You recommend that he contact a(n) ____________---

Counseling psychologist.

Which seventeenth-century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate?

Descartes

Dr. Jones' research centers on the relationship between changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning. Dr. Jones is most likely a ________________.

Development psychologist

Who introduced the early school of structuralism?

Edward Thitchener

True or False? Over learning hinders retention.

False

True or False? Psychology's three main levels of analysis often contradict each other.

False

The psychological views of William James are to those of Edward Titchener as _____ is to __________.

Functionalism; structuralism

A fraternity brother rationalizes the fact that he spends very little time studying by saying that he "doesn't want to peak too soon and have the test material become stale." You tell him that ___________.

He is probably overestimating his knowledge of the material. If he devotes extra time to studying, his retention of the material will be improved. The more often students review material, the better their exam scores.

Which subfield is most directly concerned with studying human behavior in the workplace? ____________

Industrial / organizational psychology

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed?"

John B. Watson

Some early psychologists include Ivan Pavlov, who pioneered the study of _________; the personality theorist _______; and Jean Piaget, who studied _________.

Learning, Sigmund Freud, children.

The seventeenth-century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is ___________.

Locke

Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of ______ and _________.

Philosophy and biology.

The Greek philosopher who assumed that character and intelligence are inherited is _________. The Greek philosopher who argued that all knowledge comes from sensory experience is _______.

Plato, Aristotle.

Which of the following individuals is called a physician? Clinical psychologist, experimental psychologist, psychiatrist, biological psychologist.

Psychiatrist

Dharma's term paper onthe history of American psychology notes that ____________.

Psychology began as the science of mental life. From the 1920s into the 1960s, psychology was defined as the scientific study of observable behavior, and contemporary psychologists study both overt behavior and convert thoughts.

Concerning the major psychological perspectives on behavior, the text author suggests that ______________.

The different perspectives often complement one another; together, they provide a fuller understanding of behavior than provided by any single perspective

Psychological science seeks to answer questions about how people ____,_____, and _____ as they do.

Think, feel, act

True or False? A major goal of psychology is to teach us how to ask important questions and to think critically as we evaluate competing ideas.

True

True or False? Every psychological event is simulataneously a biological event.

True

True or False? Spaced practice promotes better retention that massed practice.

True

Under the influences of evolutionary theorist, Charles Darwin, psychologist ______ assumed that thinking developed because it was ______. He founded the school of _______ which focused on how mental and behavioral processes enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

William James, Adaptive, functionalism.

The first psychological laboratory was founded in 1879 by Wilhelm _______. His student, _______, introduced the school of _______, which explored the basic elements of mind using the method of _________. This method proved _______. (reliable / unreliable)

Wunt, Edward Titchener, structuralism, Introspection, unreliable.

In this definition, "behavior" refers to any action that we can ________ and ________, and "mental processes" refers to the internal, _______ _______ we _________ from behavior.

observe, record, subjective experiences, infer.

Dr. Aswad is studying people's enduring inner traits. Dr. Aswad is most likely a(n) _____________

personality psychologist

Medical doctors who provide psychotherapy and treat physical causes of psychological disorders are called ________________.

psychiatrists

Psychologists who believe that behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts are working from the ______ perspective.

psychodynamic