Psychology Chapter 1 Guided Reading

______ psychology is based on the idea that our perceptions of objects are more than the sums of their parts.

Gestalt

Branch of psychology that examines the relationships between behavior and physical health

Health psychology

A basic truth or law

Principle

The field of ______ is based on the discovery of the basic elements of consciousness.

Structuralism

A statement that attempts to explain why things are the way they are and why they happen the way they do

Theory

Social-learning theory

Theory that suggests people can change their environments and that people can learn intentionally by observing others

Ethnic group

A group of people who share a common religion, color, or national origin

"I lived in ancient Greece and outlined the laws of associationism."

Aristotle

"I concluded that people learn to behave in certain ways because they have received positive reinforcement for their behavior."

B.F. Skinner

Any action that other people can observe or measure

Behavior

______ is the scientific study of observable behavior.

Behaviorism

Emphasizes the influence of biology on human behavior

Biological perspective

"I am the field of psychology that deals with evaluating psychological problems, such as anxiety or depression, and helping people overcome them."

Clinical

Emphasizes the role that thoughts play in determining behavior

Cognitive perspective

Branch of psychology that studies social systems that promote and foster individual well-being for members of a community

Community psychology

"I am the field of psychology that helps mainly people who have adjustment problems."

Counseling

Branch of psychology that focuses on behavior and mental processes under different cultural conditions

Cross-cultural psychology

"I am the field of psychology concerned with the changes that occur throughout a person's life span."

Developmental

"I am the field of psychology dedicated to identifying and helping students who have problems that interfere with learning."

Educational

"I am the field of psychology that focuses on conducting research through experiments

Experimental

Most psychologists are interested mainly in animal behavior

False, human

The social sciences, such as chemistry and physics, are concerned with the nature of the physical world

False, natural sciences

Human society and the nature and interactions of individuals are the focus of the physical sciences, including history and economics

False, social sciences

Branch of psychology that deals with people and work

Industrial psychology

Some psychologists believe that ______, or looking within, is one way to learn about ourselves.

Introspection

"I asserted that psychology was a science and must be limited to observable, measurable events, an assertion that led me to found behaviorism."

John B. Wtson

Emphasizes the effects of experience on behavoir

Learning perspective

The concept of right or good conduct

Morality

The school of thought called ______ emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior.

Psychoanalysis

Emphasizes the influence of unconscious forces on human behavior

Psychoanalytic perspective

Evolutionary perspective

Psychological perspective that focuses on the evolution of behavior and mental processes

Biopsychosocial

Psychological perspective that focuses on the interaction of biological processes, psychological dispositions, and social factors

Humanistic perspective

Psychological perspective that stresses the capacity for human self-fulfillment and the importance of consciousness, self-awareness, and the capacity to make choices

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Psychology

Branch of psychology that focuses on patients who are struggling with disabilites

Rehabilitation psychology

"I founded psychoanalysis and the theory of psychodynamic thinking."

Sigmund Freud

Emphasizes the influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socio-economic status on behavior and mental processes

Sociocultural perspective

Cognitive activities are mental processes, such as dreams, perceptions, thoughts, and memories

True

Researchers use psychological constructs to describe things that cannot be seen, touched, or measured directly

True

"I disagreed with the structuralists and argued that experience is a constant stream of consciousness."

William James