Psychology - Chapter 1
nervous
The biological approach to psychology focuses on the brain and ________ system
correlational coefficient
The degree of relationship between two variables is expressed as a numerical value called a __________________.
controlled
Laboratory research is conducted in a _________ setting.
a. mental processes
Like functionalism, structuralism focuses on: a. mental processes b. introspection c. why behavior occurs d. behavior
naturalistic observation
Observing behavior in real-world settings is known as....
psychoanalysis
Which psychological perspective emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between the biological instincts and society's demands, and early family experiences?
cognitive
Which psychological perspective focuses on the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think and solve problems?
William Wundt
Who created the first psychology laboratory?
William James
Who is most associated with the functionalist movement?
random assignment
the assignment of participants to research groups by chance
external validity
the degree to which an experimental design really reflects the real-world issue it is supposed to address
internal validity
the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable(s)
behaviorism
which perspective? *suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of the study
positive, negative
A _________ correlation is a relationship in which two factors vary in the same direction, and a _________ correlation is a relationship in which increases in one variable are associated with decreases in the other.
hypothesis
A _________ is an idea arrived at logically from a theory. It can be thought of as an educated guess, and it can be tested.
case study
A(n) ______ _______ is an in-depth analysis of an individual or small group of people.
functionalism
An approach that concentrates on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environment
variables
Correlational research involves studies that are concerned with identifying the relationships between two or more ________ in order to describe how they change together.
a. deception has been used
Debriefing is used in studies where: a. deception has been used b. informed consent has been omitted c. confidentiality cannot be maintained
bias
Experimenter and participant expectations are two types of experimenter ______.
longitudinal study
Researchers studying the long-term effects of an antidepressant have asked participants every six months for the last decade to undergo blood work, a physical, and a short mental status exam. They are now compiling their research. What type of research have they been conducting?
demand characteristic
The term ________________ is used to describe any aspect of a study that communicates to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave.
Descriptive
_________ research serves the purpose of determining the basic dimensions of phenomenon and defining what it is or how often it occurs; but it cannot provide casual information.
Functionalism
__________ is an approach that concentrates on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environment.
Validity
__________ is the soundness of conclusions that can be drawn from an experiment.
Informed consent
__________ minimizes the risk of harm by telling research participants about what to expect before they participate in research.
theory
a broad idea that can be used to make predictions about future observations
behavioral
a psychological perspective emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants
double-blind experiment
an experiment that is conducted so that neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until after the results are calculated
structuralism
perspective concerned with the components of the mind
functionalism
perspective concerned with the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior of the individual's adaptation to the environment
humanistic
perspective emphasizing a person's positive qualities, capability for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny
sample
the subset of the population chosen by the investigator for a study
descriptive, correlational, experimental
three basic types of research used in psychology