Psychology - Chapter 1

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nervous

The biological approach to psychology focuses on the brain and ________ system

correlational coefficient

The degree of relationship between two variables is expressed as a numerical value called a __________________.

controlled

Laboratory research is conducted in a _________ setting.

a. mental processes

Like functionalism, structuralism focuses on: a. mental processes b. introspection c. why behavior occurs d. behavior

naturalistic observation

Observing behavior in real-world settings is known as....

psychoanalysis

Which psychological perspective emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between the biological instincts and society's demands, and early family experiences?

cognitive

Which psychological perspective focuses on the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think and solve problems?

William Wundt

Who created the first psychology laboratory?

William James

Who is most associated with the functionalist movement?

random assignment

the assignment of participants to research groups by chance

external validity

the degree to which an experimental design really reflects the real-world issue it is supposed to address

internal validity

the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable(s)

behaviorism

which perspective? *suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of the study

positive, negative

A _________ correlation is a relationship in which two factors vary in the same direction, and a _________ correlation is a relationship in which increases in one variable are associated with decreases in the other.

hypothesis

A _________ is an idea arrived at logically from a theory. It can be thought of as an educated guess, and it can be tested.

case study

A(n) ______ _______ is an in-depth analysis of an individual or small group of people.

functionalism

An approach that concentrates on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environment

variables

Correlational research involves studies that are concerned with identifying the relationships between two or more ________ in order to describe how they change together.

a. deception has been used

Debriefing is used in studies where: a. deception has been used b. informed consent has been omitted c. confidentiality cannot be maintained

bias

Experimenter and participant expectations are two types of experimenter ______.

longitudinal study

Researchers studying the long-term effects of an antidepressant have asked participants every six months for the last decade to undergo blood work, a physical, and a short mental status exam. They are now compiling their research. What type of research have they been conducting?

demand characteristic

The term ________________ is used to describe any aspect of a study that communicates to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave.

Descriptive

_________ research serves the purpose of determining the basic dimensions of phenomenon and defining what it is or how often it occurs; but it cannot provide casual information.

Functionalism

__________ is an approach that concentrates on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environment.

Validity

__________ is the soundness of conclusions that can be drawn from an experiment.

Informed consent

__________ minimizes the risk of harm by telling research participants about what to expect before they participate in research.

theory

a broad idea that can be used to make predictions about future observations

behavioral

a psychological perspective emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants

double-blind experiment

an experiment that is conducted so that neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until after the results are calculated

structuralism

perspective concerned with the components of the mind

functionalism

perspective concerned with the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior of the individual's adaptation to the environment

humanistic

perspective emphasizing a person's positive qualities, capability for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny

sample

the subset of the population chosen by the investigator for a study

descriptive, correlational, experimental

three basic types of research used in psychology


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