Psychology- Chapter 1

Pavlov's work with learning in dogs focused on the concept of: a. conditioning. b. shaping. c. framing. d. functionalism.

Conditioning

Researchers who allow their expectations about what they will see to affect the results of their observation studies are suffering from

Observer bias

Researchers who allow their expectations about what they will see to affect the results of their observation studies are suffering from: a. the observer effect. b. controlled observation. c. observer bias. d. participation observation.

Observer bias

When Mary took the survey in the mall, she noticed that the interviewer was wearing an Obama button. She answered the questions more favorably toward Obama than she might otherwise have, probably because: a. of observer bias. b. of courtesy bias. c. she misunderstand the purpose of the survey. d. the survey questions were biased.

Of courtesy bias

A doctor informs the parents of a 14-year-old that without hospitalization her anorexia will worsen and cause grave medical conditions. The doctor is making a?

Prediction

Step four of the scientific method drawing conclusions,is related to psychology's goal of

Prediction

A ________ has a medical degree and is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. a. psychologist b. psychiatric social worker c. psychoanalyst d. psychiatrist

Psychiatrist

Pia believes that she is an undercover CIA agent working for the President of the United States. Her delusions disappear, however, whenever she takes her psychotropic medication. Pia is most likely being treated by which of the following? a. a psychiatric social worker b. a clinical psychologist c. a counseling psychologist d. a psychiatrist

Psychiatrist

Doreena is seeing a psychologist because of her intense fear of closed-in spaces. Doreena's therapist believes that her fear is the result of unresolved conflicts regarding her parents, as well as childhood experiences she had with them. To which school of psychology does Doreena's therapist most likely belong? a. Gestalt b. psychoanalysis c. behaviorism d. functionalism

Psychoanalysis

14. Mary is a psychologist who focuses on the role of the conscious and unconscious minds. To which perspective does Mary ascribe? a. behavioral b. humanistic c. cognitive d. psychodynamic

Psychodynamic

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Psychology

Experimenters control the effects of extraneous or confounding variables upon members of experimental and control groups by using: a. placebos. b. random assignment. c. independent observers. d. double-blind studies.

Random assignment

Researchers use ________ for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data

Scientific Method

According to B.F. Skinner , behavioral responses that are followed by pleasurable consequences are

Strengthened or Reinforced

What did Watson believe about behavior? a. that it is learned b. that it and personality form in the first 6 years of life c. that it stems from unconscious motivation d. that it is related to repressed conflict

That it is learned

What did Watson believe about behavior? a. that it stems from unconscious motivation b. that it and personality form in the first 6 years of life c. that it is learned d. that it is related to repressed conflict

That it is learned

What is the main advantage of laboratory observation? a. the degree of control it gives the researcher b. it is most cost effective c. the researcher gets to know the subject in great detail d. reactions of people and animals in the laboratory are the same as in the real world

The degree of control it gives the researcher

Which perspective focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share? a. the evolutionary perspective b. the biopsychosocial perspective c. the Gestalt approach d. the sociocultural approach

The evolutionary perspective

_____ is the rule of thumb stating that if there are two explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest explanation is more often the best one. a. positive correlation b. cognitive perspective-taking c. counter conditioning d. the law of parsimony

The law of parsimony

Harboring a belief that all male motorcyclists wear beards then only noticing bearded motorcyclists is an example of?

confirmation bias

________ focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information. a. Objective introspection b. Cognitive psychology c. Behaviorism d. Structuralism

Cognitive psychology

Psychiatrist

- Medical School -Specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders - Can prescribe meds

Psychiatric Social Worker

- Training in therapy methods - Focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders - Poverty, overcrowding, stress, drug

Psychologist

- professional with a doctorate degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology - Can do counseling/clinical, teaching and research - NO MEDICAL -Areas of Specialization: Clinical, counseling, developmental, school, human factors, personality - Clinical the largest subfield

Which of the following is the strongest correlation? a. -.02 b. +.66 c. -.93 d. +.11

-.93

Dr. Jonas wanted to determine what would happen if rats were given food every time they completed a maze. He believed they would learn to complete the maze faster. This belief is called a. a prediction. b. a description. c. control. d. an explanation.

A prediction

A drug company conducts a study in which the experimenter gives half of the participants the drug being tested and the other half a placebo. This is an example of: a. an unethical experiment. b. the experimenter effect. c. a double-blind study. d. a single-blind study.

A single-blind study

An institutional review board reviews: a. a study's safety and consideration for the research participants. b. double-blind studies only. c. a study's proper use of the scientific method. d. a study's hypothesis for feasibility.

A study's safety and consideration for the research participants

All of the following statements about surveys are true EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to word survey questions so they will be understood the same way by all who read them. b. answers to survey questions are resistant to courtesy bias. c. the order of the questions in the survey can affect its outcome. d. survey questions can be written in such a way that the desired answer becomes obvious.

Answers to survey questions are resistant to courtesy bias

John Watson believed that phobias: a. are an indication of a deeper mental problem. b. are the result of a traumatic event. c. are learned through the process of conditioning. d. cannot be eliminated entirely.

Are learned through the process of conditioning

Psychologist: Basic Vs. Applied research?

Basic: Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. Applied: Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Outward or overt actions and reactions - Talking, facial expressions, movement

Behavior

Talking, facial expressions, and movements are elements of: a. behavior. b. mental processes. c. biopsychology. d. humanism.

Behavior

A view that emphasizes the manner in which the environment and the learning experiences it provides shape and control behaviour. Objective, observable environmental influences on overt behavior (Watson, Pavlov, and Skinner were leaders)

Behavioral Perspective

Personal judgments based on beliefs instead of facts

Bias

Anna is 45 years old and is suffering from hot flashes and extreme moodiness. From a(n) _____ perspective, Anna's symptoms can be attributed to menopause. a. biopsychological b. analytical c. psychodynamic d. cognitive

Biopsychological

Anna is 45-years-old and is suffering from hot flashes and extreme moodiness. From a _____ perspective, Anna's symptoms can be attributed to menopause.

Biopsychological

Unifying theme of modern psychology which incorporates biological, psychological, and social processes.

Biopsychosocial model

11. The case of Phineas Gage is an often-cited example of: a. a double-blind study. b. an experiment. c. a laboratory observation. d. a case study.

Case study

Functionalism is heavily influenced by the work of

Charles Darwin - If physical traits could aid in survival, why couldn't behavioral traits do the same

A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, thinking and information processing

Cognitive Perspective

Behaviorism influenced the field of

Cognitive Psychology

Dr. Edwards wants to show a causal relationship between tobacco smoking and cancer. Dr. Edwards should: a. conduct an experiment using animal participants. b. observe people smoking. c. find a correlation between smoking and the rates of cancer. d. conduct a telephone survey asking smokers about their health.

Conduct an experiment using animal participants

Which research method will allow researchers to determine the cause of a behavior? a. laboratory observation b. naturalistic observation c. conducting a survey d. conducting an experiment

Conduction an experiment

Mrs. Lewis participated in a study in which she was given no treatment for her condition. Mrs. Lewis was in the ________ group. a. observed b. hazard c. experimental d. control

Control

Fourth of Psychology's Four Goals

Control How can it be changed? Changing or modifying behavior -Change from undesirable one to a desirable one

Mary Cover Jones' research with a white rabbit focused on?

Counter-conditioning

Process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing and synthesizing information

Critical Thinking

If deception is necessary, participants must then be _________ after the study. a. escorted from the facility b. paid c. apologized to d. debriefed

Debriefed

Dr. Mason observes that the students in her class who read both the text and visual aid presentations tend to perform better on her exams than the students who simply read the text or visual aids alone. Dr. Mason's observation best depicts which goal of psychology? a. description b. control c. explanation d. prediction

Description

The Four Goals of Psychology

Description Explanation Prediction Control

A case study would be the most effective method of research to investigate which of these topics? a. self-esteem differences in males and females b. effects of poverty on inner-city youth c. physiological changes in people who experience pleasure d. dissociative identity disorder in adolescent transsexuals

Dissociative identity disorder in adolescent transsexuals

A drug company is determining the effects of a treatment for depression. Neither the researcher nor the participants know who is getting the treatment and who is given a sugar pill. This type of study is: a. single-blind. b. double-blind. c. quasi-experimental. d. an institutional review.

Double-Blind

Perspective that focuses natural selection, on the biological bases on universal mental characteristics that all humans share; assumes that human behavior may have developed in certain directions

Evolutionary Perspective

perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share, actions are caused by inherited traits, hormones, neurotransmitters

Evolutionary/Biopsychology Perspective

In testing whether children are influenced by violence on TV, the best method would be

Experiment

The best method to use to determine the cause of a behavior is the: a. survey. b. hypothesis. c. observation process. d. experiment.

Experiment

When a psychologist notes that children who watch violent cartoons tend to act more aggressively toward their peers, the psychologist is:

Explanation

When you make an educated guess about the explanation for your observations you are

Forming a hypothesis

The psychological perspective that is associated with William James is: a. conflict. b. functionalism. c. structuralism. d. psychoanalysis.

Functionalism

Which early perspective in psychology, associated with William James, focused on how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play? a. functionalism b. structuralism c. conflict d. psychoanalysis

Functionalism

Ms. Glass tells her students everyday how much she wants everyone to succeed, but that they each must choose to attend class and study effectively in order to be successful. She reminds them that the individual choices they make will dramatically affect their outcomes for success. To which perspective of psychology does Ms. Glass's philosophy on academic performance best relate? a. humanism b. cognitive c. psychodynamic d. behavioral

Humanism - freedom to choose their own destiny

How does humanism differ from psychodynamic theory and behaviorism?

Humanism focuses on people's ability to direct their own lives Behaviorism science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only- seen and measured

The psychological view that assumes the existence of the self and emphasizes the importance of self-awareness and the freedom to make choices, School of thought that focuses on the study of conscious experience, the individual's freedom to choose, and capacity for personal growth.

Humanistic Perspective

Dr. Eckler is looking for new ideas to examine and is interested in testing the notion that students who prepare for their exams by cramming will perform more poorly than students who study regularly throughout the semester. The notion being tested best depicts which of the following research concepts? a. a result b. a hypothesis c. a conclusion d. a fact

Hypothesis

Correlation will tell researchers all of the following EXCEPT ________ between variables. a. if there is a relationship b. in what direction the relationship goes c. how strong the relationship is d. if there is causation

If there is causation

Freud believed that personality was formed: a. in the first 6 years of life. b. after a traumatizing event. c. around puberty when the sex organs develop. d. in the first 2 years of life.

In the first 6 years of life

A researcher is studying the effects of alcohol consumption on driving ability. In this experiment, alcohol consumption is the _________. a. independent variable b. placebo c. dependent variable d. uncontrolled treatment

Independent variable

Hispanic psychologist Jorge Sanchez is known for his research on: a. intelligence tests and their cultural biases. b. the effect of school segregation on African American children. c. human memory. d. phobias.

Intelligence tests and their cultural biases

Freud's theory of psychoanalysis: a. has been completely rejected by modern psychologists. b. is still in use by professionals today, with less emphasis on sex and sexual motivations. c. has no place in modern scientific study. d. is as commonly used today as it was a few decades ago.

Is still in use by professionals today, with less emphasis on sex and sexual motivations.

Which of the following is TRUE about Gestalt psychology? a. It applied the introspection method to thoughts as well as physical sensations. b. It was influenced by Darwin's ideas about natural selection. c. It focused on perception of patterns and whole figures and events. d. It stressed the importance of early life experiences.

It focused on perception of patterns and whole figures and events

Which of the following examples is an accurate representation of mental processes as applied to the definition of psychology? a. Darren asks his teacher a question about a psychological concept. b. Uma paints an abstract picture while listening to music. c. Tyler reads a book with his little sister. d. Kaleb feels depressed after receiving a poor grade on his homework.

Kaleb feels depressed after receiving a poor grade on his homework- Psychology is the study of mental and behavior processes

Who was the first female president of the American Psychological Association? a. Margaret F. Washburn b. Mamie Clark c. Francis Cecil Sumner d. Mary Whiton Calkins

Mary Whiton Calkins

Internal, covert activity of our minds - Thinking, feeling, remembering

Mental Processes

If it is shown that students' grades go down the more hours they spend watching TV, then grades and hours spent watching TV have a __________ correlation. a. positive b. negative c. mild d. parametric

Negative

Wundt referred to the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities as

Objective Introspection

________ suggests that behavioral responses are reinforced when rewarded with pleasurable consequences. a. Self-actualization b. Operant conditioning c. Cognitive psychology d. The psychodynamic perspective

Operant conditioning

In an effort to learn more about religious cults, Asma attends the meeting of a religious group well known for their cult-like practices and pretends to be interested in joining the group. Which of the following techniques best describes Asma's approach to gathering research information? a. case study b. survey c. participant observation d. double-blind procedure

Participant observation - becomes participant in the group observed

Which of the following is a guideline for doing research with people? a. Deception is never justified. b. Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation. c. Participants cannot just quit without a valid, logical reason. d. Participants must understand that confidentiality is not guaranteed.

Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation

Watson's work with "Little Albert" supported the idea that: a. phobias are symptoms of repressed conflict. b. phobias can be learned through the process of conditioning. c. children are scared of loud noises. d. phobias, once established, cannot be cured.

Phobias can be learned through the process of conditioning

By making a loud noise when "Little Albert" was presented with a rat, John Watson taught the baby to fear rats. This proved that: a. rats can easily frighten young children. b. phobias could be learned through conditioning. c. loud noises always elicit a fear response in humans. d. children are inherently afraid of rats.

Phobias could be learned through conditioning

If a researcher finds that people's shoe sizes increaseas their height increases then shoe size and height have a

Positive correlation

Sasha sat in the preschool classroom and watched the children play, writing down how well they interacted with each other. The children could see that Sasha was watching them, so they made an attempt to be extra well-behaved for her. Sasha's research will be impacted by: a. the observer effect. b. participant observation. c. observer bias. d. an inability to replicate the results.

The observer effect

Mrs. O'Connor participated in a study in which she was told she would try out a new allergy medicine. She was in the group that received a sugar pill, but she believed that the pill did indeed help control her allergy symptoms. This phenomenon is known as: a. the experimenter effect. b. the mind-over-matter effect. c. the placebo effect. d. a successful experiment.

The placebo effect

In an experiment in which half of the participants are given a caffeinated product and half are given a decaffeinated product to determine if caffeine will make them more talkative, the independent variable is

The presence or absence of caffeine

Because psychologists want to be precise and measure as carefully as they can, they use ________ to study psychology. a. introspection b. functionalism and structuralism c. the scientific method d. mental processes

The scientific method

Researchers use ________ for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data. a. naturalistic observation b. case studies c. the scientific method d. the descriptive methods

The scientific method

Professor Robinson is interested in examining how study breaks influence memory. She allows one group of psychology students to take a single 15-minute break while another group of psychology students takes three 5-minute breaks. What is the dependent variable in this example? a. the topic introduced in the lecture b. the major of the students c. the students' memory of the material d. the number of study breaks allowed

The students' memory of the material

In a negative correlation: a. the two variables have an inverse relationship. b. there is no relationship between the variables. c. a strong correlation is close to +1.00. d. the variables increase in the same direction.

The two variables have an inverse relationship

If a correlation coefficient is positive: a. only one of the variables goes up. b. the number is represented by the letter p. c. the two variables have an inverse relationship. d. the two variables increase in the same direction.

The two variables will increase in the same direction

Gestalt psychology is best described by the slogan

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Freud proposed that there is a(n) ________ mind into which we repress all of our threatening urges and desires. a. conscious b. unconscious c. subconscious d. dark

Unconcious

Which of the following illustrates psychology's goal of control? a. giving psychological tests to a new therapy client to determine the client's symptoms. b. observing the behavior of children in preschool. c. predicting students' university grades based on their high school grades. d. using rewards to help a smoker give up cigarettes.

Using rewards to help a smoker give up cigarettes

First of Psychology's Four Goals? Description

What is happening? - Observe behavior and noting everything about it - Provides observations - No interpretation, just raw data

Second of Psychology's Four Goals? Explanation

Why is it happening? - Helps build the theory - Theory: General explanation of a set of observations or facts

________ is known as the "father of psychology." a. William James b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Edward Titchener d. Sigmund Freud

Wilhelm Wundt

Third of Psychology's Four Goals? Prediction

Will it happen again in the future? - Experiment: Change environment

Which of the following examples best illustrates the placebo effect? a. You vomit after eating bad meat. b. You hear strange noises in the house after watching a scary movie. c. You drink a non-alcoholic beverage that tastes like beer and begin to feel intoxicated. d. You become sleepy just after you begin studying.

You drink a non-alcoholic beverage that tastes like beer and begin to feel intoxicated

A researcher wants to describe children's normal behavior on the playground. The best method for this research is to use a. an experiment. b. a survey. c. a case study. d. naturalistic observation.

naturalistic observation

In an experiment, it is best to divide participants into the control or experimental group by: a. using random assignment. b. determining the participants' familiarity with the study. c. studying each participant's personality. d. surveying the participants first.

using random assignment