Psychology- Chapter 1
Pavlov's work with learning in dogs focused on the concept of: a. conditioning. b. shaping. c. framing. d. functionalism.
Conditioning
Researchers who allow their expectations about what they will see to affect the results of their observation studies are suffering from
Observer bias
Researchers who allow their expectations about what they will see to affect the results of their observation studies are suffering from: a. the observer effect. b. controlled observation. c. observer bias. d. participation observation.
Observer bias
When Mary took the survey in the mall, she noticed that the interviewer was wearing an Obama button. She answered the questions more favorably toward Obama than she might otherwise have, probably because: a. of observer bias. b. of courtesy bias. c. she misunderstand the purpose of the survey. d. the survey questions were biased.
Of courtesy bias
A doctor informs the parents of a 14-year-old that without hospitalization her anorexia will worsen and cause grave medical conditions. The doctor is making a?
Prediction
Step four of the scientific method drawing conclusions,is related to psychology's goal of
Prediction
A ________ has a medical degree and is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. a. psychologist b. psychiatric social worker c. psychoanalyst d. psychiatrist
Psychiatrist
Pia believes that she is an undercover CIA agent working for the President of the United States. Her delusions disappear, however, whenever she takes her psychotropic medication. Pia is most likely being treated by which of the following? a. a psychiatric social worker b. a clinical psychologist c. a counseling psychologist d. a psychiatrist
Psychiatrist
Doreena is seeing a psychologist because of her intense fear of closed-in spaces. Doreena's therapist believes that her fear is the result of unresolved conflicts regarding her parents, as well as childhood experiences she had with them. To which school of psychology does Doreena's therapist most likely belong? a. Gestalt b. psychoanalysis c. behaviorism d. functionalism
Psychoanalysis
14. Mary is a psychologist who focuses on the role of the conscious and unconscious minds. To which perspective does Mary ascribe? a. behavioral b. humanistic c. cognitive d. psychodynamic
Psychodynamic
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Psychology
Experimenters control the effects of extraneous or confounding variables upon members of experimental and control groups by using: a. placebos. b. random assignment. c. independent observers. d. double-blind studies.
Random assignment
Researchers use ________ for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data
Scientific Method
According to B.F. Skinner , behavioral responses that are followed by pleasurable consequences are
Strengthened or Reinforced
What did Watson believe about behavior? a. that it is learned b. that it and personality form in the first 6 years of life c. that it stems from unconscious motivation d. that it is related to repressed conflict
That it is learned
What did Watson believe about behavior? a. that it stems from unconscious motivation b. that it and personality form in the first 6 years of life c. that it is learned d. that it is related to repressed conflict
That it is learned
What is the main advantage of laboratory observation? a. the degree of control it gives the researcher b. it is most cost effective c. the researcher gets to know the subject in great detail d. reactions of people and animals in the laboratory are the same as in the real world
The degree of control it gives the researcher
Which perspective focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share? a. the evolutionary perspective b. the biopsychosocial perspective c. the Gestalt approach d. the sociocultural approach
The evolutionary perspective
_____ is the rule of thumb stating that if there are two explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest explanation is more often the best one. a. positive correlation b. cognitive perspective-taking c. counter conditioning d. the law of parsimony
The law of parsimony
Harboring a belief that all male motorcyclists wear beards then only noticing bearded motorcyclists is an example of?
confirmation bias
________ focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information. a. Objective introspection b. Cognitive psychology c. Behaviorism d. Structuralism
Cognitive psychology
Psychiatrist
- Medical School -Specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders - Can prescribe meds
Psychiatric Social Worker
- Training in therapy methods - Focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders - Poverty, overcrowding, stress, drug
Psychologist
- professional with a doctorate degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology - Can do counseling/clinical, teaching and research - NO MEDICAL -Areas of Specialization: Clinical, counseling, developmental, school, human factors, personality - Clinical the largest subfield
Which of the following is the strongest correlation? a. -.02 b. +.66 c. -.93 d. +.11
-.93
Dr. Jonas wanted to determine what would happen if rats were given food every time they completed a maze. He believed they would learn to complete the maze faster. This belief is called a. a prediction. b. a description. c. control. d. an explanation.
A prediction
A drug company conducts a study in which the experimenter gives half of the participants the drug being tested and the other half a placebo. This is an example of: a. an unethical experiment. b. the experimenter effect. c. a double-blind study. d. a single-blind study.
A single-blind study
An institutional review board reviews: a. a study's safety and consideration for the research participants. b. double-blind studies only. c. a study's proper use of the scientific method. d. a study's hypothesis for feasibility.
A study's safety and consideration for the research participants
All of the following statements about surveys are true EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to word survey questions so they will be understood the same way by all who read them. b. answers to survey questions are resistant to courtesy bias. c. the order of the questions in the survey can affect its outcome. d. survey questions can be written in such a way that the desired answer becomes obvious.
Answers to survey questions are resistant to courtesy bias
John Watson believed that phobias: a. are an indication of a deeper mental problem. b. are the result of a traumatic event. c. are learned through the process of conditioning. d. cannot be eliminated entirely.
Are learned through the process of conditioning
Psychologist: Basic Vs. Applied research?
Basic: Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. Applied: Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
Outward or overt actions and reactions - Talking, facial expressions, movement
Behavior
Talking, facial expressions, and movements are elements of: a. behavior. b. mental processes. c. biopsychology. d. humanism.
Behavior
A view that emphasizes the manner in which the environment and the learning experiences it provides shape and control behaviour. Objective, observable environmental influences on overt behavior (Watson, Pavlov, and Skinner were leaders)
Behavioral Perspective
Personal judgments based on beliefs instead of facts
Bias
Anna is 45 years old and is suffering from hot flashes and extreme moodiness. From a(n) _____ perspective, Anna's symptoms can be attributed to menopause. a. biopsychological b. analytical c. psychodynamic d. cognitive
Biopsychological
Anna is 45-years-old and is suffering from hot flashes and extreme moodiness. From a _____ perspective, Anna's symptoms can be attributed to menopause.
Biopsychological
Unifying theme of modern psychology which incorporates biological, psychological, and social processes.
Biopsychosocial model
11. The case of Phineas Gage is an often-cited example of: a. a double-blind study. b. an experiment. c. a laboratory observation. d. a case study.
Case study
Functionalism is heavily influenced by the work of
Charles Darwin - If physical traits could aid in survival, why couldn't behavioral traits do the same
A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, thinking and information processing
Cognitive Perspective
Behaviorism influenced the field of
Cognitive Psychology
Dr. Edwards wants to show a causal relationship between tobacco smoking and cancer. Dr. Edwards should: a. conduct an experiment using animal participants. b. observe people smoking. c. find a correlation between smoking and the rates of cancer. d. conduct a telephone survey asking smokers about their health.
Conduct an experiment using animal participants
Which research method will allow researchers to determine the cause of a behavior? a. laboratory observation b. naturalistic observation c. conducting a survey d. conducting an experiment
Conduction an experiment
Mrs. Lewis participated in a study in which she was given no treatment for her condition. Mrs. Lewis was in the ________ group. a. observed b. hazard c. experimental d. control
Control
Fourth of Psychology's Four Goals
Control How can it be changed? Changing or modifying behavior -Change from undesirable one to a desirable one
Mary Cover Jones' research with a white rabbit focused on?
Counter-conditioning
Process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing and synthesizing information
Critical Thinking
If deception is necessary, participants must then be _________ after the study. a. escorted from the facility b. paid c. apologized to d. debriefed
Debriefed
Dr. Mason observes that the students in her class who read both the text and visual aid presentations tend to perform better on her exams than the students who simply read the text or visual aids alone. Dr. Mason's observation best depicts which goal of psychology? a. description b. control c. explanation d. prediction
Description
The Four Goals of Psychology
Description Explanation Prediction Control
A case study would be the most effective method of research to investigate which of these topics? a. self-esteem differences in males and females b. effects of poverty on inner-city youth c. physiological changes in people who experience pleasure d. dissociative identity disorder in adolescent transsexuals
Dissociative identity disorder in adolescent transsexuals
A drug company is determining the effects of a treatment for depression. Neither the researcher nor the participants know who is getting the treatment and who is given a sugar pill. This type of study is: a. single-blind. b. double-blind. c. quasi-experimental. d. an institutional review.
Double-Blind
Perspective that focuses natural selection, on the biological bases on universal mental characteristics that all humans share; assumes that human behavior may have developed in certain directions
Evolutionary Perspective
perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share, actions are caused by inherited traits, hormones, neurotransmitters
Evolutionary/Biopsychology Perspective
In testing whether children are influenced by violence on TV, the best method would be
Experiment
The best method to use to determine the cause of a behavior is the: a. survey. b. hypothesis. c. observation process. d. experiment.
Experiment
When a psychologist notes that children who watch violent cartoons tend to act more aggressively toward their peers, the psychologist is:
Explanation
When you make an educated guess about the explanation for your observations you are
Forming a hypothesis
The psychological perspective that is associated with William James is: a. conflict. b. functionalism. c. structuralism. d. psychoanalysis.
Functionalism
Which early perspective in psychology, associated with William James, focused on how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play? a. functionalism b. structuralism c. conflict d. psychoanalysis
Functionalism
Ms. Glass tells her students everyday how much she wants everyone to succeed, but that they each must choose to attend class and study effectively in order to be successful. She reminds them that the individual choices they make will dramatically affect their outcomes for success. To which perspective of psychology does Ms. Glass's philosophy on academic performance best relate? a. humanism b. cognitive c. psychodynamic d. behavioral
Humanism - freedom to choose their own destiny
How does humanism differ from psychodynamic theory and behaviorism?
Humanism focuses on people's ability to direct their own lives Behaviorism science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only- seen and measured
The psychological view that assumes the existence of the self and emphasizes the importance of self-awareness and the freedom to make choices, School of thought that focuses on the study of conscious experience, the individual's freedom to choose, and capacity for personal growth.
Humanistic Perspective
Dr. Eckler is looking for new ideas to examine and is interested in testing the notion that students who prepare for their exams by cramming will perform more poorly than students who study regularly throughout the semester. The notion being tested best depicts which of the following research concepts? a. a result b. a hypothesis c. a conclusion d. a fact
Hypothesis
Correlation will tell researchers all of the following EXCEPT ________ between variables. a. if there is a relationship b. in what direction the relationship goes c. how strong the relationship is d. if there is causation
If there is causation
Freud believed that personality was formed: a. in the first 6 years of life. b. after a traumatizing event. c. around puberty when the sex organs develop. d. in the first 2 years of life.
In the first 6 years of life
A researcher is studying the effects of alcohol consumption on driving ability. In this experiment, alcohol consumption is the _________. a. independent variable b. placebo c. dependent variable d. uncontrolled treatment
Independent variable
Hispanic psychologist Jorge Sanchez is known for his research on: a. intelligence tests and their cultural biases. b. the effect of school segregation on African American children. c. human memory. d. phobias.
Intelligence tests and their cultural biases
Freud's theory of psychoanalysis: a. has been completely rejected by modern psychologists. b. is still in use by professionals today, with less emphasis on sex and sexual motivations. c. has no place in modern scientific study. d. is as commonly used today as it was a few decades ago.
Is still in use by professionals today, with less emphasis on sex and sexual motivations.
Which of the following is TRUE about Gestalt psychology? a. It applied the introspection method to thoughts as well as physical sensations. b. It was influenced by Darwin's ideas about natural selection. c. It focused on perception of patterns and whole figures and events. d. It stressed the importance of early life experiences.
It focused on perception of patterns and whole figures and events
Which of the following examples is an accurate representation of mental processes as applied to the definition of psychology? a. Darren asks his teacher a question about a psychological concept. b. Uma paints an abstract picture while listening to music. c. Tyler reads a book with his little sister. d. Kaleb feels depressed after receiving a poor grade on his homework.
Kaleb feels depressed after receiving a poor grade on his homework- Psychology is the study of mental and behavior processes
Who was the first female president of the American Psychological Association? a. Margaret F. Washburn b. Mamie Clark c. Francis Cecil Sumner d. Mary Whiton Calkins
Mary Whiton Calkins
Internal, covert activity of our minds - Thinking, feeling, remembering
Mental Processes
If it is shown that students' grades go down the more hours they spend watching TV, then grades and hours spent watching TV have a __________ correlation. a. positive b. negative c. mild d. parametric
Negative
Wundt referred to the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities as
Objective Introspection
________ suggests that behavioral responses are reinforced when rewarded with pleasurable consequences. a. Self-actualization b. Operant conditioning c. Cognitive psychology d. The psychodynamic perspective
Operant conditioning
In an effort to learn more about religious cults, Asma attends the meeting of a religious group well known for their cult-like practices and pretends to be interested in joining the group. Which of the following techniques best describes Asma's approach to gathering research information? a. case study b. survey c. participant observation d. double-blind procedure
Participant observation - becomes participant in the group observed
Which of the following is a guideline for doing research with people? a. Deception is never justified. b. Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation. c. Participants cannot just quit without a valid, logical reason. d. Participants must understand that confidentiality is not guaranteed.
Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation
Watson's work with "Little Albert" supported the idea that: a. phobias are symptoms of repressed conflict. b. phobias can be learned through the process of conditioning. c. children are scared of loud noises. d. phobias, once established, cannot be cured.
Phobias can be learned through the process of conditioning
By making a loud noise when "Little Albert" was presented with a rat, John Watson taught the baby to fear rats. This proved that: a. rats can easily frighten young children. b. phobias could be learned through conditioning. c. loud noises always elicit a fear response in humans. d. children are inherently afraid of rats.
Phobias could be learned through conditioning
If a researcher finds that people's shoe sizes increaseas their height increases then shoe size and height have a
Positive correlation
Sasha sat in the preschool classroom and watched the children play, writing down how well they interacted with each other. The children could see that Sasha was watching them, so they made an attempt to be extra well-behaved for her. Sasha's research will be impacted by: a. the observer effect. b. participant observation. c. observer bias. d. an inability to replicate the results.
The observer effect
Mrs. O'Connor participated in a study in which she was told she would try out a new allergy medicine. She was in the group that received a sugar pill, but she believed that the pill did indeed help control her allergy symptoms. This phenomenon is known as: a. the experimenter effect. b. the mind-over-matter effect. c. the placebo effect. d. a successful experiment.
The placebo effect
In an experiment in which half of the participants are given a caffeinated product and half are given a decaffeinated product to determine if caffeine will make them more talkative, the independent variable is
The presence or absence of caffeine
Because psychologists want to be precise and measure as carefully as they can, they use ________ to study psychology. a. introspection b. functionalism and structuralism c. the scientific method d. mental processes
The scientific method
Researchers use ________ for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data. a. naturalistic observation b. case studies c. the scientific method d. the descriptive methods
The scientific method
Professor Robinson is interested in examining how study breaks influence memory. She allows one group of psychology students to take a single 15-minute break while another group of psychology students takes three 5-minute breaks. What is the dependent variable in this example? a. the topic introduced in the lecture b. the major of the students c. the students' memory of the material d. the number of study breaks allowed
The students' memory of the material
In a negative correlation: a. the two variables have an inverse relationship. b. there is no relationship between the variables. c. a strong correlation is close to +1.00. d. the variables increase in the same direction.
The two variables have an inverse relationship
If a correlation coefficient is positive: a. only one of the variables goes up. b. the number is represented by the letter p. c. the two variables have an inverse relationship. d. the two variables increase in the same direction.
The two variables will increase in the same direction
Gestalt psychology is best described by the slogan
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Freud proposed that there is a(n) ________ mind into which we repress all of our threatening urges and desires. a. conscious b. unconscious c. subconscious d. dark
Unconcious
Which of the following illustrates psychology's goal of control? a. giving psychological tests to a new therapy client to determine the client's symptoms. b. observing the behavior of children in preschool. c. predicting students' university grades based on their high school grades. d. using rewards to help a smoker give up cigarettes.
Using rewards to help a smoker give up cigarettes
First of Psychology's Four Goals? Description
What is happening? - Observe behavior and noting everything about it - Provides observations - No interpretation, just raw data
Second of Psychology's Four Goals? Explanation
Why is it happening? - Helps build the theory - Theory: General explanation of a set of observations or facts
________ is known as the "father of psychology." a. William James b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Edward Titchener d. Sigmund Freud
Wilhelm Wundt
Third of Psychology's Four Goals? Prediction
Will it happen again in the future? - Experiment: Change environment
Which of the following examples best illustrates the placebo effect? a. You vomit after eating bad meat. b. You hear strange noises in the house after watching a scary movie. c. You drink a non-alcoholic beverage that tastes like beer and begin to feel intoxicated. d. You become sleepy just after you begin studying.
You drink a non-alcoholic beverage that tastes like beer and begin to feel intoxicated
A researcher wants to describe children's normal behavior on the playground. The best method for this research is to use a. an experiment. b. a survey. c. a case study. d. naturalistic observation.
naturalistic observation
In an experiment, it is best to divide participants into the control or experimental group by: a. using random assignment. b. determining the participants' familiarity with the study. c. studying each participant's personality. d. surveying the participants first.
using random assignment