Psychology Chapter 1 Test: What is Psychology?
What is the way to remember the goals of psychology?
DEPI
Forensic psychology
Focuses on the legal and criminal justice system, expert witnesses to testify about a defendant's mental state
Who would have said: "I founded psychoanalysis and the theory of psychodynamic thinking. "
Freud
Psychological constraints
Parameters used to describe thoughts/actions that cannot be seen, touched or measured directly
Social psychology
The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
Who would have said: "I asserted that psychology was a science and must be limited to observable, measurable events, an assertion that led me to find behaviorism."
Watson
Rehabilitation psychology
Work with patients who struggle with disabilities. Help to develop strategies to compensate for the disability and live meaningful lives.
ethnic group
a group of people who share a common religion, color, or national origin
Psychiatrist
a medical doctor who specialized in the treatment of psychological problems and can prescribe medication for clients
Theory
a statement that attempts to explain why phenomena and behaviors/thoughts are the way they are
introspection
an examination of one's own thoughts and feelings, proposed by Socrates
Behavior
any action that other people can observe or measure
Educational psychology
concerned with how people learn in educational settings... focus on course planning for an entire school system rather than an individual
Psychologists can use __________ to learn about aspects of human nature that cannot be measured.
constructs
Industrial and organizational psychology
study the behavior and interactions of people at work such as business firms
Geriatrics
the branch of medicine that focuses on the diseases and problems of the elderly
Morality
the concept of right to good conduct
Who would have said: "I concluded that people learn to behave in certain ways because they have received positive reinforcement for their behavior."
B.F. Skinner
Who would have said: "I disagreed with the structuralists and argued that experience is a constant stream of consciousness."
James
Who wrote the first psychology textbook?
James
What is the number one contribution of psychology?
Providing *analysis and treatment* for mental illness and disorders.
Comparative psychology
branch of psychology that studies the behavior of different animal species to try and war conclusions to humans
Consumer psychology
branch of psychology that studies the habits of consumers in the marketplace
How do psychologists help change behavior?
by understanding the factors that influence human behavior and teaching people how to solve their psychological problem
Health psychology
examines the way in which behavior and mental process are related to physical health
What are the social sciences?
history, anthropology, economics, political science, sociology... (h,a,e,ps,s)
What do psychologists study by observing and measuring how people act?
human behavior
School psychology
identify and help students who have problems that interfere with learning
Some psychologists believe that _____________, or looking within is one way to learn about ourselves.
introspection
Cognitive activities
mental processes, such as dreams, perceptions, thoughts, and memories.
psychodynamic thinking
most of what exists in an individual's mind is unconscious and consists of *conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes*.
Psychology has roots in the _______ sciences, which attempt to explain the nature of the physical world through observation and experimentation.
natural
Psychologists are interested in the __________, or basic truths , that govern behavior and mental processes.
principles
The school of thought called ______________ emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior.
psychoanalysis
Basic research
research that has no immediate application and is done for its own sake
Because it is concerned with behavior and interaction of people, psychology can be considered a ______ science.
social
The field of ____________ is based on the discovery of the basic elements of consciousness.
structuralism
Cross-cultural psychology
study behavior and mental processes under different cultural conditions. -eg: how is depression perceived in Japan
gestalt psychology
the school of psychology that emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions of individual parts into a meaning full whole
functionalism
the school of psychology, founded by James, emphasizes the purposes of behavior and mental processes and what they accomplish for the individual. *Adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful.*
behaviorism
the school of psychology, founded by Watson, that defines psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior..."our belief in individual choice is just an illusion"
Personality psychology
the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting... characteristics and traits
Environmental psychology
the study of the relationship between behavior and the physical environment
associationism
the theory that our understanding of the world occurs through ideas associated with similar sensory experiences and perceptions, experiences often remind us of similar experiences in the past
social-learning theory
theory that suggests people can change their environments and can also create new ones
What phrase, dating back to ancient Greece, has remained a motto of psychological study?
"Know thyself"
sociocultural perspective
- Ethnicity, gender, culture, religion, socio-economic status -Sociocultural, biological, and psychological factors create individual differences. -Social, environmental, and cross-cultural psychology.
What are the goals of psychology?
-*Describe* behavior/thoughts -*Explain* behavior/thoughts -*Predict* future thoughts in given situations -*Influence* and modify behavior and thoughts.
biopsychosocial
-Biological, psychological, social factors -Mental processes are influenced by the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors. -Holistic health, social psychology; Engel
learning perspective
-Environmental influences, learning, observational learning -*Personal experiences and reinforcement guide individual development.* -John B. Watson and behaviorism
What is the focus of social sciences?
-Focus on human society and the nature and interactions of individuals.
What is the focus of natural sciences?
-Focus on the nature of the physical world
Community psychology
-Help create and study social systems that promote and foster individual wellbeing. -eg: mental health centers
cognitive perspective
-Interpretation of mental images, thinking, language -*Perceptions and thoughts influence behavior.* -Structuralism, functionalism, and Gestalt psychology
List the 6 ways of data collection.
-Observation -Lab research/experiments -interviews/questioning -case studies -surveys -standardized tests
evolutionary perspective
-Psychical traits, social behavior -*Adaptive organisms survive and transmit their genes to future generations.* -Charles Darwin and evolution
humanistic perspective
-Self-concept -*People make free and conscious choices based on their unique experiences.* -Introspection and belief in free will.
psychoanalytic perspective
-Unconscious processes, early childhood experiences -*Unconscious motives influence behavior.* -Sigmund Freud
Experimental psychology
-explore the biological and psychological reasons for cognitive behavior and conduct basic research
psychoanalysis
-founded by Freud -unconscious motives and internal conflicts as determinants of human behavior
What are 4 other contributions of psychology?
-how personalities and emotions form -how hormones affect human behavior -study how environment affects human behavior -explain thought processes/how we learn/memory
biological perspective
-nervous system, glands and hormones, genetic factors -*Biological processes influence behavior and mental processes.* -Associationism and neuroscience
How is functionalism different from structuralism?
-structuralism only relied on introspection, while functionalism included introspection and observations in a lab -structuralists ask: "What are the structures of psychological processes?" -functionalists ask: "What are the purposes of behavior and mental processes?"
structuralism
-the school of psychology, founded by Wundt, that maintains that conscious experience breaks down into objectives sensations and subjective feelings. The human mind functions by combining these basic elements of experience.
What is the precise definition of psychology?
Psychology is a *science* that studies *behavior* and *mental processes* of both *humans* and *animals* through *scientific research*.
Who would have said: "I lived in ancient Greece and outline the laws of associationism."
Socrates
How did Freud's work differ from many of his contemporaries?
Structuralists and functionalists research in laboratories, while Freud gained understanding from talking to patients.
Principle
a basic truth or law
Counseling psychology
a branch of psychology that helps people treat adjustment problems rather than serious disorders
Developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, emotional, and social change throughout the life span
Clinical psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
Human factor psychology
attempt to find the best ways to design products for people to use
___________ is the scientific study of observable behavior.
behaviorism
What are the natural sciences?
biology, chemistry, physics
