Psychology Chapter 10
When in a new situation, Cecilia makes a judgment by processing new information and comparing it to her past experiences. What type of judgment did she mostly likely make?
stereotype
Coercive persuasion
tactic that uses fear to manipulate people.
informational conformity
tendency to rely on group wisdom to dictate appropriate actions.
An example of observational learning might be
the child of a politician believing politicians are noble
motivational theory
the drive for success motivates people to form prejudices about their competitors.
Social learning
the influence of the beliefs of our peers and family.
Social psychology includes the study of...
understanding of self-perception and interactions within society
reciprocity norm
we are likely to feel obligated to exchange social gestures in kind. You owe me strategy
normative conformity
we change our attitudes and behaviors so people will like us
social responsibility norm
we expect firefighters, law enforcement officials, parents, teachers and other responsible leaders to help others EVEN IF it comes at a cost.
Social exchange theory
we work towards balancing the amount of effort that parties are putting into social relationships.
Social exchange theory posits that we will help others until ____
we're not getting the same amount of help in return
Operant conditioning
when we modify our behavior based on consequences like punishment and reward.
What might a salesperson do using the lowballing technique?
Push costly add-ons after a commitment is made
You attend a presentation on the topic of the triangular model of love. The speakers identifies three important aspects of love: passion, intimacy and commitment. Which psychologist's research most likely formed the basis for the presentation?11
Robert Sternberg
psychology studies group behavior and how we interact in social situations.
Social
Grant grew up believing that tall people are more athletic than short people because that is what his parents told him. What is this an example of?
Social learning
The concept of social learning suggests that aggression can be learned from all of the following
Violent video games An abusive parent Violent television or movies
According to the reciprocity norm, when are we likely to perform a good deed?
When a person does something kind for us
Helping others is considered...
a biological instinct that furthers evolution
cognitive component
actual belief, which can be expressed in words.
What are the 3 components of attitude?
1. cognitive 2. behavioral 3. emotional
three different ways that attitudes are learned
1. observational learning 2. classical conditioning 3. operant conditioning
What percentage of participants in Stanley Milgram's study on obedience and authority continued to administer 450-volt shocks at the insistence of the authority figure?
65%
Intimacy and close relationships are more easily formed with others who are likely to accept our _____.
behaviors and attitudes
Cognitive Dissonance Theory describes what occurs when
beliefs are in conflict
observational learning
by watching our role models
Kitty Genovese was brutally stabbed outside her home in New York City. Although neighbors heard her scream, nobody helped her. What phenomenon describes the diffusion of responsibility?
bystander effect
According to Yale psychologist Irving Janis, close-knit groups maintain solidarity by
ignore outside opinions and arguments/dissent
James has just been hired at XYZ Corporation. He carefully watches how his new colleagues behave in order to learn how he should behave. James is exhibiting
informational conformity
Heidi believes that bad things happen to bad people and that people get what they deserve. This is an example of the _____ hypothesis.
just world
Prejudices can be used to
legitimize social, economic and political discrimination.
According to Fritz Heider's attribution theory, a student who passed a test due to external causes ____
may have received an unusually easy test
A student in a classroom is exhibiting social loafing by
not raising her hand when the teacher asks a question
According to social identity theory, we perceive _____.
our ingroup as heterogeneous and our outgroup as homogenous
Geneticist Dmitri Belyaev's experiments with selective breeding has shown that aggression is
partly genetic
According to Robert Zajonc's drive theory, a cross country runner might ____
perform best if he knows he's faster than his competitors
Personality theory suggests that prejudices are formed based on _____.
personal experiences
bystander effect
phenomenon whereby violent crimes or accidents occur in crowded urban areas and no one comes to the rescue of the victim
Personality theory
prejudices are based on personal experiences that occur during development
social learning
prejudices based on the influence of the beliefs of our peers and family.
What are the 4 strategies of persuasion?
reciprocity norm lowball technique scarcity principle Coercive persuasion
behavioral component
she acts on her belief.
According to Reactance Theory, a high school student might be inclined to
skip a class
A professional football player who plays better when his games are nationally televised is exhibiting....
social facilitation
A firefighter rushes inside a burning building to see if anyone is trapped. This is an example of _____
social responsibility norm
In the Post-WWII era, Lewin and other social psychologists were interested in studying the following
sought to understand the development of prejudice and the use of military propaganda.
example of social learning?
A child with supportive parents will have a greater likelihood of behaving supportively in the future.
In which of the following cultural examples would you expect a strong level of conformity?
A culture where the cultural group identity is highly valued
Sarah notices that just about everybody on her soccer team wears the same type of headband. Based on typical conformity patterns, why is Sarah likely to also buy this type of headband?
A person is most inclined to conform with a group when he or she believes that the majority of the group is acting together.
social learning
Aggression may also be a response picked up by watching others through a process
In terms of the additional work that Bernard Weiner did in relation to Heider's attribution theory, what type of factor would account for a skilled pilot having a turbulent landing due to windy conditions?
An external-unstable factor
How might someone who subscribes to the just world hypothesis view a rape victim?
As in some way inviting the attack through their actions or dress
aggression and self-esteem
Bullies who have inflated egos can become aggressive when they feel that others are threatening their image or to increase their group status.
How might a poker player exhibit a self-serving bias?
By crediting a winning streak to his skills and a losing streak to a poor dealer
The difference between the cognitive and behavioral components of attitudes can be explained as:
Cognitive beliefs can be stated in words, while behavioral beliefs affect actions.
Based on Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following combinations is MOST LIKELY to result in companion love?
Intimacy + commitment
Each participant in Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority tested their willingness to:
Disobey their personal conscience
A tool which which monitors facial muscle activity
EMG (electromyograph)
Which of the following attributes indicate cross-cultural attractiveness?
Having youthful facial features
Derek leaves the movie theater feeling very dissatisfied after viewing the latest installment in his favorite series. This installment wasn't interesting and Derek almost got up and left halfway through. Which of the following possible responses might demonstrate the fundamental attribution error on Derek's part?
He blames the performance on the movie director's ineptness.
How might a sales professional integrate social psychology into their strategy?
He or she might incorporate persuasion techniques that have been shown to influence people.
Who hypothesized that frustration can result in aggression when a desired goal isn't attained.
John Dollard
When examining a person's behavior, why would Kurt Lewin have been interested in knowing about that person's culture and community?
Lewin believed that a person's behavior is a function of both individual character and environment.
Ginger is looking for a job in Paris. She heard there are also a lot of people from the city of Creil who are looking for jobs. She has decided that all people from Creil aren't as intelligent as her, and therefore will not get the job. What is this an example of?
Motivational theory
Social identity refers to...
Our membership in particular groups, which largely determines our everyday interactions
You attend a research presentation in which the speaker states that our prejudices are based on individual experiences that occur during our development. Which theory is the speaker's presentation most likely based upon?
Personality Theory
scarcity principle
idea that limited edition items seem more attractive because they're in short supply.
Susie is walking home from school when she sees a group of rambunctious older boys up ahead. She decides to cross the street to avoid them. How do stereotypes and the body's natural fight or flight response help to explain Susie's behavior?
Susie's stereotypes told her to initiate a flight response to the situation.
In Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority, the participants believed the responsibility for the shocks fell to:
The authority figure
Why was Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority so controversial?
The participants were asked to shock people
Why were Solomon Asch's experiments on conformity so important?
They clearly demonstrated the power of conformity.
In Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority, many participants administered the shocks because:
They respected the professor's authority
lowball technique
Things are said they are cheap so you'll add on bc you think you're getting such a great deal.
A tool for measuring a person's attitudes by tracking brain activity is called a(n)
electroencephalograph (EEG)
While deciding on how to approach a battle, an army unit that is exhibiting groupthink might ___
endanger themselves with a risky but agreed-upon plan
In some cultures, _____ is an indication of wealth and fertility
excess weight
Psychologist John Dollard hypothesized that _____ can result in aggression when a desired goal isn't attained.
frustration
aggression hypothesis
frustration can lead to aggression when a desired goal isn't reached.
4 types of aggression development
frustration-aggression hypothesis social learning self-esteem
Several close friends decide to invest their money together in a business. The business is risky, but as the friends discuss their investment strategy, they achieve consensus and conformity. This is an example of ___
groupthink
Classical conditioning
happens when our reflexes are trained to respond to stimuli
Altruism is defined as
helping others without an expectation of a reward
emotional component
how beliefs make us feel in social situations
