Psychology Chapter 10

Infant sleep is characterized by _______ sleep cycles than those of adults, with proportionally more _______ sleep.

shorter; REM

It has been speculated that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be a consequence of a form of

sleep apnea.

Depending on the definition used for insomnia, its prevalence ranges from _______ in the adult population.

10% to 40%

Newborn infants spend as much as _______ % of their sleep time in REM sleep.

50

Which statement about fatal familial insomnia is false?

It is characterized by chronic lifetime insomnia.

What is the significance of the finding that the isolated brain exhibits signs of alternating between wakefulness, SWS, and REM sleep?

It showed that that systems for controlling sleep are located in the brain.

If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and a subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which outcome occurs?

The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm.

The characteristic EEG recording obtained from subjects who are relaxed with their eyes closed is called the

alpha

The isolated forebrain preparation involves a cut through the

midbrain

The usual duration of the typical adult human repeating sleep cycle is

90-110 minutes.

A woman has just celebrated her 100th birthday. Which description of her sleep is mostly likely to be true?

An EEG of her brain would reveal the complete absence of stage 3 sleep.

Which mechanism has not been identified as a biological function of sleep?

Brain rest

_______ is a symptom of a mismatch between internal and external time while traveling.

Jet lag

A scientist wants to conduct a study in which an animal brain is transected but REM sleep could continue to be measured in the cerebral cortex. Which region must remain connected to the cortex?

Pons

Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep.

REM

In the U.S., evidence that daylight affects human circadian rhythms is supported by the observation that even though everyone's time keepers (clocks, phone) report the same time, people in the western part of the time zone go to bed _______ people in the in eastern part of the time zone.

a bit later than

When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are

a little more than 24 hours long.

Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to all of the following except

a strengthened immune system.

In the absence of light cues, hamsters with two copies of the tau mutation will show biological rhythms with periods of _______ hours.

about 20

Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate

awakening

The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in

awakenings

Electrical stimulation of the _______ can induce SWS activity.

basal forebrain

If a hamster is kept in a laboratory and receives no information about changes in day length or temperature (i.e. housed in constant dark), its rhythms will eventually _______, with a daily cycle that lasts a bit longer than 24 hours.

become free-running

Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 am generally experience

better academic performance.

Many people with narcolepsy also exhibit _______, in which muscle tone is suddenly lost without loss of _______.

cataplexy; consciousness

People who tend to wake up in the morning with lots of energy likely carry a different version of the _______ gene than night owls, who stay up late at night and are drowsy in the morning.

clock

Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of

improving long-term retention.

The human menstrual cycle provides an example of a(n) _______ rhythm, because it repeats less than once per day.

infradian

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is especially prominent during the _______ of a night's sleep.

initial half

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by

large amplitude delta waves

If SCN neurons are transplanted from animal A to animal B, and animal B previously had its SCN lesioned, animal B's rhythmicity will

match animal A's rhythm.

Frightening dreams associated with stage 3 sleep are called

night terrors.

The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep.

pontine

REM behavior disorder (RBD) may be reduced by drugs that

reduce anxiety

Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep.

stage 3

The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated forebrain animal is characterized by

sustained SWS.

Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness.

tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation

In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last

up to 40 minutes.

Dreams experienced during REM sleep are characterized by

vague visual imagery.

The incidence of insomnia is greatest in _______ in general, and in both men and women in _______.

women; the later stages of life

The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms is called a(n)

zeitgeber.