Psychology Chapter 12

Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Kelly, a Republican, and Carlos, a Democrat, both believe that members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of other parties. Their beliefs best illustrate: a. the social responsibility norm. b. deindividuation. c. the two-factor theory. d. ingroup bias.

d. ingroup bias

Bonnie pedals an exercise bike at her health club much faster when other patrons happen to be working out on nearby equipment. This best illustrates: a. the bystander effect. b. the mere exposure effect. c. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. d. social facilitation.

d. social facilitation.

Prejudice (emotions)

examples are hostility and fear

Social Facilitation

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. Our behaviors can be aided by the presence of other people.

Normative Social Influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Information Social Influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

Romantic Love

intimacy and passion

Proximity

nearness

physical attractiveness

once proximity affords contact, the next most important thing in attraction is physical appearance

Similarity

opposites attract and causes people to stick together and more values

modern matchmaking

Internet-formed friendships and romantic relationships are on average slightly more likely to last and be satisfying. Nearly a quarter of heterosexual and two-thirds of same-sex couples met online.

Maria recently heard a speech calling for a ban on aerosol sprays that endanger the earth's ozone layer.Maria's decision to stop using aerosol sprays is an example of a. informational social influence b. normative social influence c. deinidividuation d. social facilitation

a. informational social influence

insufficient justification

reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is "insufficient"

Prejudice (belief)

stereotypes: generalized belief about a group of people

Eichmann Fallacy

the believe that evil people can only do evil things

Companionate Love

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Prejudice (predispositions)

to act on (to discriminate)

Social Loafing

your behavior goes down in a group because you can't be identified as an individual. the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Passionate Love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

Prejudice

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Before she participated in a debate supporting abortion rights, Jane had believed abortion was wrong. Her change in attitude (she is now pro-abortion) can best be explained by a. attribution theory b. cognitive dissonance theory c. social exchange theory d. two-factor theory

b. cognitive dissonance theory

In-Group

"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.

Out-Group

"them"- those perceived as different or apart from our in-group

Bart complied with his friends' request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the: a. bystander effect. b. foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c. fundamental attribution error. d. frustration-aggression principle.

b. foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of: a. social inhibition .b. normative social influence. c. mirror-image perceptions. d. the bystander effect.

b. normative social influence

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference best illustrates the importance of: a. social traps. b. the mere exposure effect. c. mirror-image perceptions. d. the reciprocity norm.

b. the mere exposure effect.

Although Frieda is typically very reserved, as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a very sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of: a. the bystander effect. b. social facilitation. c. deindividuation. d. the mere exposure effect.

c. deindividuation.

Early in the day, you see a fellow student in the cafeteria spill a whole tray of food as she trips over something on the floor. You think to yourself, "Wow, she sure is clumsy!" Later on in the day, you also trip in the cafeteria and spill your tray. You think to yourself, "Wow, this floor is uneven and dangerous, someone should fix it!" This illustrates the psychological concept called: a. foot-in-the-door. b. bystander apathy .c. fundamental attribution error. d. out-group bias.

c. fundamental attribution error.

Marilyn judges her professor's strict class attendance policy to be an indication of his over controlling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once a week. Her judgment best illustrates: a. the mere exposure effect. b. group polarization. c. the fundamental attribution error. d. deindividuation.

c. the fundamental attribution error.

When asked how much they like various letters of the alphabet, people tend to prefer those that happen to be found in their own names. This best illustrates the impact of: a. deindividuation. b. social facilitation. c. the mere exposure effect. d. the foot-in-the door phenomenon

c. the mere exposure effect.

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Internal Attribution

the person "i did that because i'm like that" attributing the cause of a person's behavior to an internal personality trait or disposition

Mere Exposure Effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

social pyschology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. focus on the situation.

External Attribution

the situation "i did that because of the situation i was in" attributing the cause of a person's behavior to an external event or situation in the environment

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

just-world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Ingroup Bias

the tendency to favor our own group

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

Attribution Theory

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition.