Psychology Chapter 13-16

_____ is an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group.

Discrimination

In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates _____.

conformity

Hallucinations are _____.

sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli

Caroline has volunteered to work with the underprivileged children who are participants in her professor's literacy project. She is hoping that her professor will take this into consideration when calculating her grades. In this scenario, Caroline is demonstrating an expectation of _____.

reciprocity

According to research in the area of health and social psychology, who among the following is likely to have the earliest death?

A chronically lonely person

Which of the following statements is true regarding abnormal behavior?

Abnormal behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world.

The _____ is a theory suggesting that preexisting conditions, such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences, may put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder.

diathesis-stress model

The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is _____.

testosterone

Random acts of kindness, such as helping a visually impaired person cross the street, are examples of _____.

prosocial behaviors

Which of the following statements best defines conformity?

A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

When Cameron was asked if he liked animated movies, he said yes. According to the self-perception theory, which of the following statements is the best explanation for Cameron's answer?

Cameron likes animated movies because he has watched and enjoyed all of them.

A fear becomes a phobia when _____.

an individual will go to any length to avoid the situation that he fears

Donald is a successful, but immoral businessman. He feels no remorse in exploiting other people for his own personal gain. He would do whatever it takes to get to the top even if it involves cheating, lying, and hurting others. In the context of personality disorders, it can be inferred that Donald exhibits the symptoms of _____.

antisocial personality disorder

From the perspective of the investment model of close relationships, long-term relationships are most likely to continue when:

there are few tempting alternatives for the partners.

Six people are competing in a tug-of-war competition. First, they compete as individuals, and then they compete as a team. It is observed that when they are competing as a team their combined effort level is less than the sum of their individual efforts. In the context of group influence, this reduction in effort when competing as a team is most likely due to the effect of:

social loafing.

A bicyclist claims that bicycle racing times would be faster if individuals raced in groups, because the knowledge of being in a group produces more energy to perform better. The bicyclist's claim is based on the concept of:

social facilitation.

_____ is the personality trait most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors.

Agreeableness

Anorexia nervosa is a culture-related disorder that is common among individuals residing in _____.

The United States

According to studies over the past half-century, which of the following is a condition under which a person's attitude will guide his or her actions?

When the person has a vested interest in the issue

Alex cannot control his impulse to wash his hands every five minutes. He washes his hands almost 100 times a day because he is terrified of being contaminated by germs. If Alex doesn't wash his hands, he experiences overwhelming anxiety. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Alex is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

When Karen does poorly on a weekly test, she blames it on the distractions she had at school that week. In this scenario, Karen is using the _____ to justify her performance on the test.

self-serving bias

Risky shift and group polarization are aspects of _____.

group decision making

Diana is afraid to throw things away because she feels that she might need them in the future. Consequently, Diana compulsively collects and stores large quantities of old newspapers, broken crockery, and old clothes. In the context of OCD-related disorders, Diana's excessive acquisition of objects and her inability to discard them are typical characteristics of _____.

hoarding disorder

Dissociative disorders are _____.

psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the separation of an individual's conscious awareness from previous memories

Joyce has the potential to be an honor student. However, she frustrates her teachers because of her actions. Rather than using her skills to excel, she tends to hide her intellectual abilities to act more like the students she is friends with. She sometimes answers questions incorrectly just to be more like her friends. In the context of the key aspects of social influence, which of the following perspectives explains Joyce's behavior most accurately?

Normative social influence

Which of the following is a difference between the central and peripheral route to persuasion?

The central route is effective when people have the ability and the motivation to pay attention, while the peripheral route is not.

Which of the following is true of people suffering from obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

Which of the following is true of people suffering from obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals are most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance by:

changing their attitudes to fit the behavior.

Gary's mother tells him that he must complete his homework before he goes out to play. Gary does not like to disobey his mother but he really wants to go out and play. He convinces himself that his mother has been mean to him lately so he can disobey her just this one time without feeling guilty. Gary is trying to change his attitude to fit his behavior most likely to reduce the _____ he is experiencing.

cognitive dissonance

Felicia tells her mother that she failed the biology test because her professor made the test too difficult. Felicia is attributing her performance to _____ factors.

external

Stanley Milgram's experiment demonstrated the effect of _____.

obedience

Seven months ago, Sandra was involved in a serious car accident. Even though she recovered fully from her injuries, she is still troubled by nightmares and flashbacks of the scene of the accident. Now, Sandra refuses to drive and insists only on using public transport. She is in a constant state of anxiety and has trouble sleeping. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Sandra shows symptoms suggestive of _____.

post-traumatic stress disorder