psychology chapter 13
_________ refers to Wolpe's method for reducing fears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear-evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation.
Systematic desensitization
Behavior therapists rely heavily on principles of__________.
conditioning-and-observational-learning
In client-centered therapy,__________refers to the recognition of a client's experiences and feelings.
empathy
_________ are based on the thinking of Sigmund Freud.
psychodynamic therapies
Most antianxiety drugs belong to the chemical class known as _________.
benzodiazepines
What are two qualities of Ellis's rational emotive behavior therapy?
Active and directive
Which of the following is true of psychotherapy?
It influences clients' thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
_________ was originated by Fritz Perls.
Gestalt therapy
Which of the following statements best describes psychodynamic therapy?
It is a type of psychotherapy that is based on Freud's thinking and assumes that psychological problems reflect early childhood experiences and internal conflicts.
Briefly explain rational emotive behavior therapy.
Rational emotive behavior therapy is described by Albert Ellis as beliefs about events, not just the events themselves, shape our responses to them. Many of us harbor a number of irrational beliefs that can give rise to problems or magnify their impact. Two of the most important ones are the belief that we must have the love and approval of the people that are important to us, and the belief that we must prove ourselves to be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving.
Katherine is terrified of dogs. To help alleviate her fears, her therapist first teaches her how to relax her muscles. Next, the therapist gradually exposes Katherine to different dogs using virtual reality displays while she relaxes to each presentation. Which of the following is the basis for the virtual therapy used by Katherine's therapist?
Systematic desensitization
What is the reason for using the term Gestalt in Gestalt therapy?
The term was used to signify Perls's interest in giving the conflicting parts of the personality an integrated form or shape.
Which of the following is the aim of traditional psychoanalysis?
To provide insight into the conflicts that are presumed to lie at the roots of a person's problems
Steve's physician has prescribed medication that belongs to a class of chemicals known as benzodiazepines. Steve is most likely to be treated for__________.
anxiety
Most antianxiety drugs belong to the chemical class known as__________.
benzodiazepines
Dr. Thomas, a psychiatrist, works at a facility that treats new cases as outpatients rather than sending them to hospitals. He also helps people who have been released from mental hospitals. Most of the people treated by him have chronic psychological disorders. Dr. Thomas works at a(n) _____.
community mental health center
Electroconvulsive therapy has no side effects.
false
In psychoanalysis, the uncensored uttering of all thoughts that come to mind is known as _________.
free-association
Jessie shares personal experiences with her facilitator and several others who demonstrate similar problems. In which of the following therapies is Jessie most likely participating?
group therapy
Psychodynamic therapy, client-centered therapy, and Gestalt therapy consider psychological disorders to occur as a result of__________.
internal-conflict
Tom is a World War II war hero who suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression. In 1954, he was sent to an institution for treatment. He was most likely admitted to a(n)__________.
mental-hospital
__________is a behavior-therapy technique in which a client observes and imitates a person who approaches and copes with feared objects or situations.
modeling
Which of the following aggravated the problems that inmates of asylums were already facing?
overcrowding
Behavior therapy applies _____ to directly promote desired behavioral changes.
principles of learning
Psychotherapy refers to__________between a client and a therapist.
systematic-interaction
__________are controlled environments in which people are reinforced for desired behaviors with keepsakes, such as poker chips, that may be exchanged for privileges.
token-economies
Gestalt therapy assumes that people disown parts of themselves that might meet with social disapproval or rejection. Group of answer choices
true
In cases of domestic violence, it is usually the partner with less power in a relationship that is the violent one.
true
Antidepressant medication tends to increase the concentration of _________ in the brain.
noradrenaline
Salma angrily tells her therapist, John, "I should have won the beauty contest. It's not fair." John confronts Salma's belief by asking, "Wasn't the winner more talented and articulate than you?" John is most likely to be a(n)__________.
rational-emotive-behavior-therapist
_________ refers to the systematic application of the principles of learning to the direct modification of a client's problem behaviors.
Behavior therapy
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of group therapy?
It is less expensive than individual sessions.
How did Gestalt therapy get its name?
Perls used the name Gestalt to signify his interest in giving the conflicting parts of the personality an integrated form or shape. Gestalt has the definition of "unified whole" which actually came from the German word Gestalt. Perls adopted the term because he wanted to help clients integrate conflicting parts of their personalities.
Americans from ethnic minority groups are less likely than European Americans to seek therapy. State the reasons for their lower participation rate.
Reasons include lack of awareness that therapy would help, lack of information about the availability of professional services or inability to pay for them, distrust of professionals, particularly European American professionals and (for women) male professionals, cultural inclinations toward other approaches to problem solving, such as religious approaches and psychic healers, and negative experiences with professionals and authority figures.
Explain antipsychotic drugs in brief.
These drugs are often given to people that have schizophrenia. These drugs aim to reduce agitation, delusions, and hallucinations. Drugs such as phenothiazines and clozapine are thought to act by blocking the dopamine receptors in the brain.
Which of the following is true of client-centered therapists?
They have unconditional positive regard for their clients.
According to Aaron Beck, clients may engage in _________, which means looking at the world in black and white rather than in shades of gray.
absolutist thinking
According to Aaron Beck, clients may engage in__________, which means looking at the world in black and white rather than in shades of gray.
absolutist-thinking
According to psychiatrist Aaron Beck, clients make the cognitive error of minimizing the importance of negative events.
false
In aversive conditioning, an aversive stimuli is paired with a painful behavior in order to increase that behavior.
false
In psychoanalysis, the expression of repressed feelings and impulses to allow the release of the psychic energy associated with them is called free association.
false
A form of group therapy that may be undertaken from the systems approach is called _________.
family therapy
Dr. Diaz is a therapist who works with clients of many different cultural backgrounds. Her clients like the fact that she always considers their cultural background important to her therapeutic approach. Dr. Diaz is demonstrating _________.
multicultural competence
Salma angrily tells her therapist, John, "I should have won the beauty contest. It's not fair." John confronts Salma's belief by asking, "Wasn't the winner more talented and articulate than you?" John is most likely to be a(n) _____.
rational emotive behavior therapist
Joan avoids talking about her troubled marriage with her psychoanalyst. When she is asked to talk about the relationship, she becomes restless and claims, "There is nothing to tell." Which of the following is indicated by Joan's behavior?
resistance
__________refers to a behavior-therapy method for helping people in their interpersonal relations that utilizes self-monitoring, behavior rehearsal, and feedback.
social-skills-training
__________refers to Wolpe's method for reducing fears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear-evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation.
systematic-desensitization
In rational emotive behavior therapy, Albert Ellis pointed out that our beliefs about events, not just the events themselves, shape our responses to them.
true
In client-centered therapy, _________ refers to respect for clients as human beings with unique values and goals.
unconditional positive regard
In client-centered therapy,__________refers to respect for clients as human beings with unique values and goals.
unconditional positive regard
Antidepressant medication tends to increase the concentration of__________in the brain.
noradrenaline
Raul goes to a therapist. The therapist asks him to relax by lying on a couch and encourages him to talk about anything that comes to his mind. Through this process, the therapist hopes for some unconscious information to be revealed. Which of the following psychoanalytic techniques does the therapist use?
Free association
Jason meets a therapist for the first time. During the session, the therapist tells him that she believes that humans have a natural tendency toward health and growth and that they are free to make choices and control their destinies. She also tells him that therapy is intended to help people get in touch with their genuine feelings. Which kind of therapy does she likely practice?
Client-centered therapy
What are the advantages of group therapy?
The advantages of group therapy are that it is economical and it allows the therapist to work with several clients at once, compared with one-to-one therapy, group therapy provides more information and life experiences for clients to draw on, appropriate behavior receives group support. Clients usually receive an outpouring of peer approval. When we run into troubles it is easy to imagine that we are different from other people or inferior to them. Affiliating with people with similar problems is reassuring. group members who show improvement provide hope for other members. Many individuals seek therapy because of problems relating to other people. people who seek therapy for other reasons may also be socially inhibited. Members of groups have the opportunity to practice social skills in a relatively nonthreatening atmosphere. In a group consisting of men and women of different ages, group members can role-play one another's spouses, friends and such.
Briefly explain the four essentials of psychotherapy.
The first essential of psychotherapy is systematic interaction. This is the therapist's theoretical point of view that interacts with the clients problems to determine how the therapist and the client relate to each other. psychological principles is the theory and research in areas such as personality, learning, motivation, and emotion. thoughts, feelings, and behavior is the third. psychotherapy influences clients' thoughts, feelings, and behavior. It can be aimed at any or all of these aspects of human psychology. psychological disorders, adjustment problems, and personal growth. psychotherapy is often used to treat people who have psychological disorders. Other people seek help in adjusting to problems such as shyness, weight problems, or loss of a life partner. Still other clients want to learn more about themselves and to reach their full potential as individuals, in a relationship, or as creative artists.
Which of the following is true of rational emotive behavior therapists?
They aim to encourage clients to challenge and correct irrational expectations.
A(n) _________ is a psychodynamically oriented therapist who focuses on the conscious, coping behavior of the ego instead of the hypothesized, unconscious functioning of the id.
ego analyst
Only those who have a serious mental illness take the help of psychotherapy.
false
Jack's therapist Susan wants him to recall significant points about his recent appraisal, so he can cope with his work more effectively. Which of the following approaches does Susan use?
Cognitive therapy
Describe a scenario where a patient undergoes systematic desensitization.
Adam was afraid of receiving injections. His behavior therapist treats him as he reclines in a comfortable padded chair. In a state of deep muscle relaxation, Adam observes slides projected on a screen. A slide of a nurse holding a needle has just been shown three times, 30 seconds at a time. Each time Adam has shown no anxiety. So now a slightly more discomforting slide is shown: one of the nurse aiming the needle toward someone's bare arm. After 15 seconds, our armchair adventurer notices twinges of discomfort and raises a finger as a signal. The projector operator turns off the light, and Adam spends 2 minutes imaging his "safe scene" lying on a beach beneath a tropical sun. Then the slide is shown again. This time Adam views it for 30 seconds before feeling anxiety.
Briefly explain rational emotive behavior therapy.
Albert Ellis's form of therapy that encourages clients to challenge and correct irrational expectations and maladaptive behaviors. Many of us harbor a number of irrational beliefs that can give rise to problems or magnify their impact.
Which of the following is a difference between client-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy?
Client-centered therapy is nondirective, while Gestalt therapy is directive.
Which of the following is true of free association?
Clients are made comfortable and asked to talk about any topic that comes to mind.
__________refers to the systematic application of the principles of learning to the direct modification of a client's problem behaviors.
Behavior therapy
Which of the following is a similarity between cognitive therapists and humanistic therapists?
Both aim to foster self-insight, but they mainly aim to help make people more aware of their current cognition.
Which of the following is a difference between humanistic forms of therapy and behavior therapy?
Both aim to foster self-insight, but they mainly aim to help make people more aware of their current cognitions.
What are the advantages of group therapy?
Exposure to other people with similar problems, social interaction with others.Social and emotional support from people with similar disorders or problems.The individual undergoing therapy doesn't feel alone.There are opportunities to try out new behaviors with group members.The feedback is always positive.
What is the focus of cognitive therapy? What is the similarity between cognitive therapists and psychoanalytic and humanistic therapists?
Focuses on changing the beliefs, attitudes, and automatic types of thinking that create and compound people's problems. Cognitive therapists, like psychoanalytic and humanistic therapists, aim to foster self-insight, but they mainly aim to help make people more aware of their current conditions.
Based on the different behavior-therapy methods, which of the following is true of modeling?
It relies on observational learning
Which of the following is a similarity between client-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy?
Like client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy assumes that people disown parts of themselves that might meet with social disapproval or rejection.
Mary and Ted are working with a therapist to strengthen their communication, express their uncomfortable feelings, and learn to share in the decision-making process. In which of the following therapies are they involved? Group of answer choices
couple therapy
__________is the tendency to block the free expression of impulses and primitive ideas—a reflection of the defense mechanism of repression.
resistance
