Psychology - Chapter 15, 16, 11
According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), in 2008, ________ of adults received treatment for a mental health issue.
13.4%
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ________ of U.S. adults experienced mental illness in 2012.
19%
Who developed social-cognitive theory?
Albert Bandura
Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.
B. F. Skinner
Which of the following is not something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common?
Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy.
Who developed client-centered therapy?
Carl Rogers
The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American culture.
Contemporized-Themes
Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Who led the reform efforts for mental health care in the United States?
Dorothea Dix
The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.
Five Factor Model
Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify
Freudian slip
Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder?
Gemma exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.
Which of the following is an example of flight of ideas?
Gilbert talks loudly and quickly, switching topics rapidly.
Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?
Hans and Sybil Eysenck
Which principle underlies cognitive therapy?
How you think determines how you feel.
What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?
Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.
How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis?
In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious.
Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?
Karen Horney
Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?
Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.
Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?
Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.
According to research, how does the public view children and teens with mental health disorders?
Over 1,300 U.S. adults believe children with depression are prone to violence
What did a 2006 special report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) suggest about the amount of mental illness in the criminal justice system?
People with mental illnesses are overrepresented in probation and parole populations.
What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?
Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.
Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of histrionic personality disorder?
Phoebe feels uncomfortable when she is not the center of attention, and she has alienated friends by demanding excessive amounts of their attention.
Which of the following is an example of hopelessness theory?
Rochelle has an expectation that terrible things will happen and there is nothing she can do about it—this leads her to become depressed.
Who developed psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of schizotypal personality disorder?
Stella laughed when her dog died and cried while watching a funny movie.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic, the personality trait, was associated with black bile from the kidneys.
The phrase "black bile from the kidneys" should be changed to the phrase "white phlegm from the lungs."
Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist?
There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education.
What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?
They can be scientifically tested.
Who argued that the notion of mental illness was invented by society (and the mental health establishment) to stigmatize and subjugate people whose behavior violates accepted social and legal norms?
Thomas Szasz
Who designed the first comprehensive system of constitutional psychology?
William H. Sheldon
Which principle underlies the effectiveness of systematic desensitization?
You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time.
Lovell is noticeably fidgety and jittery. He can't sit still; he paces, wrings his hands, and pulls at his clothing constantly. Lovell suffers from psychomotor________.
agitation
Svetlana admires her boss, Helga. One day Helga forgets her briefcase and Svetlana loses all admiration for Helga. Svetlana thinks that a boss is either always perfect or not worthy of admiration. What kind of cognitive distortion is this?
all-or-nothing thinking
Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________.
an external locus of control
Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________.
antidepressants
From an early age, Kwaku got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, he is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers the feelings of those he has harmed. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Kwaku's personality?
antisocial personality disorder
A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.
anxiety
Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?
archetype
________ were the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders
asylums
People with mental illnesses are overrepresented in probation and parole populations.
aversive conditioning
According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?
balance between extroversion and introversion
Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively.
become neurotic strategies
Which of the following is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders?
becoming split off, or dissociated, from one's core sense of self
Dr. Bronson treats anxiety disorders with Xanax, which exemplifies ________ therapy.
biomedical
The belief that you ________ is an example of a delusion.
can perform miracles
Etiology is another word for ________.
causes
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Acrophobia is characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack.
change the word "acrophobia" to the word "agoraphobia"
Which of the following clearly influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of development?
climate of sexual repression
Identify the obsession in the following sentence. "Keisha is overly concerned about germs, so she spends hours wiping the surfaces of her home and washing her hands."
concern over germs
Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so?
confidentiality
________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.
congruence
Exposure therapy is a ________ technique.
counterconditioning
Aversive conditioning is a ________.
counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior
Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
denial
Jerry allows others to take over and run his life. He is submissive and clings to those around him. He cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others, probably because he lacks self-confidence. He finds it impossible to do things on his own, and he feels uncomfortable and helpless when he is alone. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jerry's personality?
dependent personality disorder
Anti-anxiety agents work by ________.
depressing central nervous system activity
The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.
diathesis-stress
Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________.
difficult to escape
ECT stands for ________.
electroconvulsive therapy
Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.
extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability
Dr. Xavier encourages his client to relax and say whatever comes to mind at the moment. Dr. Xavier is using ________ to treat his client.
free association
What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family?
generativity vs. stagnation
How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?
giving them unconditional love
According to the American Psychological Association (APA), three factors work together to produce successful treatment. Which of the following is not one of the three factors?
having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex
What is the goal of humanistic therapy?
helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves
_______ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.
heritability
Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.
high self-efficacy
Dr. Banner wants his clients to learn to articulate thoughts that keep them from achieving their goals. Therefore, Dr. Banner increases their self-awareness by focusing on their conscious thoughts. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation is he using?
humanistic therapy
Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.
id
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.
in which people are presented with ambiguous images
A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.
inferiority
During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs.
intake
Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe?
involuntary
Grace is talking with her wife, Myanna. Myanna starts crying, and Grace immediately assumes that Myanna wants a divorce. What kind of cognitive distortion is this?
jumping to conclusions
Which of the following is an example of avolition?
lack of motivation to bathe yourself
Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder?
lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds
During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?
latency
Ocean Therapy involves group discussion and ________.
learning how to surf
Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Dan has ________.
low self-efficacy
Karen Horney described three coping styles when dealing with anxiety. Which of the following is not one of them?
moving with people
Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nathan's personality?
narcissistic personality disorder
What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives?
negative
If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________.
often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
Self-efficacy is ________.
our level of confidence in our own abilities
Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "everyone makes mistakes sometimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this?
overgeneralization
Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________.
phobia
Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
play therapy
Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.
projective test
Schizophrenia is considered a ________ disorder
psychotic
Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________.
race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment
After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
regression
Repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse is called ________.
relapse
________are mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as wearing bland, neutral clothes to avoid drawing attention to oneself.
safety behavior
Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during midwinter. What kind of depression does Alexis have?
seasonal pattern
The concept of ________ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs.
selective migration
According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.
self-actualization
Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________.
severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy
The use of ________ can result in decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, and headache.
stimulants
What kind of family therapy involves the therapist guiding the therapy session and developing treatment plans for each family member's specific problem?
strategic
Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non-judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this?
unconditional positive regard
Due to Dominique' s obsessive-compulsive disorder, she may ________.
wash her hands every 10 minutes throughout the day.
How long does psychoanalysis typically take?
years
Which of the following statements is true about obsessive-compulsive disorder?
It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.
Which of the following statements about psychoanalysis is false?
It was the dominant form of therapy in the 19th century.
What is the emphasis in humanistic therapy?
client's present and future
________ delusions involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.
paranoid
Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior?
schizophrenia
A recent study compared the vaccination histories of 256 children with autism spectrum disorder with that of 752 control children across three time periods during their first two years of life. Researchers found that ________.
the quantity of immunogens from vaccines received during the first two years of life were not at all related to the development of autism spectrum disorder
Statistics show that ________ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness.
26%
What does research show regarding race and ethnic differences in those who receive mental health services?
Ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services less frequently than White, middle-class Americans.
Who identified psychological disorders as a harmful dysfunction?
Jerome C. Wakefield
The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Carl Rogers believed most of our psychological problems are the result of repressed impulses and trauma experienced in childhood, and he believed psychoanalysis would help uncover long-buried feelings.
The name "Carl Rogers" should be changed to the name "Sigmund Freud."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In aversion therapy, a therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it.
The word "aversion" should be changed to the word "exposure.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality.
The word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality."
Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.
an internal locus of control
If parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.
anal
________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior.
anxiety
Which mental disorder is least likely to be treated in children 8-15 years old?
anxiety disorder
In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________.
anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded
Dr. Griffiths diagnosed Manuel with major depressive disorder because he ________.
appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless
Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________.
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________.
beliefs and expectations
The ________ perspective suggests that psychological disorders result largely from faulty physical processes, and the ________perspective emphasizes the importance of factors such as stress and thoughts as well as environmental factors in the development of psychological disorders.
biological; psychological
Humanistic therapy is also called ________ therapy.
client-centered
idel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing a(n) ________.
dissociative fugue
Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________.
generalized anxiety disorder
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The stress model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress."
insert the word "diathesis-" before the first appearance of the word "stress"
What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development, in which an individual assesses and makes sense of her life and the meaning of her contributions?
integrity vs. despair
People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.
obsessive-compulsive
Identify the compulsion in the following example. Demarco can't stop thinking about his book collection, which includes hundreds of first editions. He wants it to be in a particular order. He spends hours every day organizing his books alphabetically by author, then by color, then by size.
organizing the books
An archetype is a ________.
pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies
Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt.
persona
On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using?
systematic desensitization
In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ________ in the second half of life.
the self-realization process
What principle underlies cognitive-behavioral therapy?
thoughts affect behavior
Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________.
token economy
Which of the following explains why most psychiatric hospitals emphasize short-term care?
Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized.
Which of the following is a good example of a flashback?
Eugene was in a motorcycle accident. When he hears a sudden loud noise he relives the accident and feels as if it is happening all over again.
Apollonia was diagnosed with major depressive disorder five years ago. She knows her mother took medicine to combat depression and she worries her daughter will experience depression too. Why?
Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Evidence-based practice in psychology is the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of therapist characteristics, culture, and preferences.
The word "therapist" should be changed to the word "client."
Renzo's therapist helps him learn to overcome his fear of dogs through several stages of relaxation techniques. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
behavior therapy
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "For centuries, psychological disorders were viewed from a natural perspective: attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding."
change the word "natural" to the word "supernatural"
Which group is play therapy often used to treat?
children
According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.
choleric
Addiction is often viewed as a(an) ________ disease.
chronic
A psychological disorder is a ________.
condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder.
dissociative identity
The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.
ectomorph
Cole spends a few weeks being treated for major depressive disorder. He eventually stops exhibiting symptoms, but a few months later they reoccur. Once again the symptoms dissipate, but a few months later they reoccur. Cole's major depressive disorder is ________?
episodic
Which of the following is a common characteristic of all anxiety disorders?
excessive, persistent fear and anxiety
Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jeff's personality?
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common?
repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts
Which of the following is true about neurodevelopmental disorders?
All neurodevelopmental disorders are diagnosed in early childhood.
What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.
________ can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; it can also cause constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness.
atypical antipsychotics
Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ________ disorder.
body dysmorphic
Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?
borderline personality disorder
What often happened to patients in the early years of using electroshock therapy?
broke their backs
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A person diagnosed with a specific anxiety experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear about a particular object or situation."
change the word "anxiety" to the word "phobia"
What is comorbidity?
co-occurrence of two disorders
A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.
external; internal
In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent).
genital
Which treatment modality involves 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meeting together with a trained clinician?
group therapy
Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________.
mania
Antipsychotic drugs, such as Haldol, are used to treat all of the following except________.
manic episodes
When Imogene feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Imogene using?
moving toward people
Which therapeutic process involves the use of toys?
play therapy
Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder.
posttraumatic stress
Which of the following is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?
reaction formation
_______ have over 85% of the l,669 federally designated mental health professional shortage areas.
rural areas
Veena's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is unable to function normally in life. She experiences significant difficulties in many day-to-day activities, such as holding a job, paying bills, grooming, maintaining personal hygiene, and sustaining relationships. Which of the following disorders is Veena living with?
schizophrenia
_______ is a subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year.
seasonal pattern
Carl Rogers called his therapeutic orientation client-centered therapy because he thought the term "patient" ________.
suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure was too negative
Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?
suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality
In Hippocrates theory of personality, what bodily humor was associated with choleric temperament?
yellow bile from the liver
The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to Hispanic culture
TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test
