Psychology Chapter 2
Marcus lost his little finger in a fishing accident. If his brain demonstrates plasticity following the amputation, what is likely to occur?
Brain areas adjacent to those responsible for his little finger will take over different functions
The _____ is the part of the neuron that receives information from other neurons.
Dendrite
Francine has tried everything to relieve her back pain, from changing her sleeping positions to prescription pain relievers. She recently started acupuncture and has noticed that it relieves her symptoms. The positive effects of acupuncture are likely due to the release of:
Endorphines
Bailey's doctor has scheduled her for a scan to look only at her brain structure (soft tissue). In meeting with her the morning of the scan, her doctor explains to her that this will be a noninvasive procedure, during which Bailey will lie inside a magnetic tube and receive powerful but harmless magnetic fields to her brain. Bailey is scheduled to receive a(n):
MRI
Meghan is taking an introductory psychology class. Today, her instructor was discussing how a myelin sheath covers many axons. Meghan also found out that _____ are a type of glial cell that produce the myelin that envelops axons in the body.
Schwann cells
In response to an exam question, Leilani accurately draws a picture of a neuron and indicates the sequence of events that are typically involved when a neuron communicates. She notes that information is carried from:
The dendrites to the cell body and then along the axon to the axon terminals and the synapse.
L-Dopa is a drug given to individuals with Parkinson's disease. This drug helps with the symptoms of the disease because it is a(n) _____ for dopamine.
agonist
Mark has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His psychiatrist suspects that his condition is caused by an excessive amount of dopamine in various regions of the brain. He prescribes an antipsychotic drug that will reduce his symptoms by reducing the amount of dopamine in his brain. This drug is likely a(n) _____ for dopamine.
antagonist
Uma and a classmate are studying the parts of a typical neuron. She is trying to memorize the terminology but is having trouble with the axon. Her classmate reminds her that the end of the axon looks like branches, and that is where the _____ is/are located.
axon terminals
Neurotransmitter is to synaptic gap as hormone is to:
bloodstream
If the neurotransmitter dopamine is released into the synapse, and the receiving dendrites have dopamine and serotonin receptors, the dopamine:
can bind only to the dopamine receptors
If a postsynaptic neuron receives an excitatory and an inhibitory message simultaneously, the two:
cancel each other out
A basketball star's ability to dribble the ball down the court, jump up toward the basket, and dunk the basketball can be credited to an area of the hindbrain called the:
cerebellum
Last night in class, Dylan learned about the brain. Her instructor was describing a structure that is located behind the brainstem, which is important for muscle coordination and balance. Her instructor was discussing the:
cerebellum
The central nervous system is protected by _____, which is(are) found in the cavities in the brain called ventricles.
cerebrospinal fluid
What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?
communication between the hemispheres
The _____ is responsible for releasing hormones into the bloodstream.
endocrine system
Naturally occurring, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control are called:
endorphines
Terry is riding his bicycle across a crosswalk when a car races toward him. Realizing that the car is not going to stop, Terry hits his brakes just in time. His heart is racing and it takes him about 15 minutes to fully recover from the experience. His response demonstrates the importance of the hormones _____ and _____ in the nervous system.
epinephrine; norepinephrine
Manny has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His psychologist believes that Manny's hallucinations and perceptual distortions may be caused in part by _____ amounts of the neurotransmitter _____.
excessive; dopamine
Phineas Gage was working on the railroad when an accidental explosion sent a three-foot tamping rod clear through his _____, illuminating their importance in defining _____ characteristics.
frontal lobes; personality
If a researcher is interested in using an imaging technique to measure both the structure and function of the brain, which techniques would you recommend to her?
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Adana has an uncle who had a hemispherectomy when he was a young child. She is always amazed that most people don't know he is missing one of his hemispheres. She has been reading in her psychology book about _____ and the brain's ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain areas in order to adapt to the environment.
functional plasticity
Powell is learning a great deal about the brain's ability to heal, grow new connections, and reorganize in order to adapt to the environment. As Powell learns about and memorizes this information, it is likely that _____ is occurring in his brain.
functional plasticity
The _____ includes areas of the brain responsible for fundamental life-sustaining processes such as breathing and heart rate.
hindbrain
The results of research on the benefits of mentally stimulating, intellectually challenging environments indicate that:
im gonna kms. there is an association with enhanced
Given the proportional amounts of the different types of neurons, which type of neuron would you be LEAST likely to worry about if you lost 100,000 of them?
interneurons
The goal of the Human Connectome Project is to:
map the brain's millions of miles of neural connections
Five-year-old Janna watches her brother throw a baseball. In her brain _____ would respond as if she were throwing the baseball herself.
mirror neurons
Matthias, an eight-year-old boy, is having a functional MRI to examine whether activity in his hippocampus may be influencing his learning disabilities. His parents are concerned about how this procedure may affect their son. If you were Matthias's psychologist, you would explain to his parents that the functional MRI is:
more advantageous than other technologies because it is non-invasive, produces sharper images, and can be repeated.
Jackie loves it when her boyfriend lightly caresses her hand as opposed to her arm because she feels much more sensation in her hand. She has more sensitivity in her hand because:
more of her somatosensory cortex is devoted to her hand.
Yesterday in class, Professor Vasquez was describing axons. She noted that many axons are surrounded by a fatty substance that provides insulation. However, the axon is not entirely enclosed, but instead is covered in segments of:
myelin
Dr. York is a research psychologist who studies the generation of new neurons in the brain. In other words, he studies:
neurogenesis
Ralph was involved in a bar fight and sustained a blow to the back of the head from a beer bottle. He was dazed and could not see for about two minutes. Which of his lobes was affected? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
occipital
Ignacio is trying to remember the names and functions of the lobes of the human brain. He reads in his book that the _____ lobes receive and process sensory information such as touch and temperature, but the _____ are largely responsible for hearing and language comprehension.
parietal; temporal
Ten-year-old Leticia has grown three inches in the past year. Leticia has her _____ gland to thank for producing the growth hormone that triggered her jump in height.
pituitary
After Eduardo's serious skiing accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Eduardo is MOST likely to have trouble:
playing tennis, typing, and walking with a smooth gait.
The occipital lobe:
processes visual information
The original study of the effects that a deprived or enriched environment had on the brain was conducted with:
rats.
_____ are located on dendrites of a receiving neuron and allow the binding of neurotransmitters, which initiate or prevent a new signal
receptors
If a researcher electrically stimulates the _____ in an animal, it will affect the animal's alertness and attention.
reticular formation
In the past month, Tommy has had trouble sleeping and never gets excited about things anymore. He was recently in a car accident, and based on his behavior, it is possible that he may have suffered damage to his:
reticular formation.
Nina was almost hit by a bus. However, she is okay and her parasympathetic system is responding accordingly. It is
slowing her heart rate and activating her digestion
If a neuron was compared with a prison, the _____ could be compared with the prisoners when the neuron is at the resting potential.
sodium ions
In her psychology textbook, Sienna is reading the chapter on the brain and behavior. She feels the warmth of the heat on her face, the pressure of her seat against her back, and the scratchy texture of her wool sweater on her forearms. Sienna's _____ receives and integrates every piece of this sensory information from all over her body.
somatosensory cortex
Dr. Hoffmann studies the central nervous system. His work focuses on the brain and the other component of the central nervous system, which is the:
spinal cord
Sarah just learned to juggle. Before and after images of her brain showed a 3 percent increase in the size of a few specific brain regions. This is known as:
structural plasticity
Mason sees a large dog running toward him and is frightened. The division of his nervous system MOST likely activated is the _____ nervous system
sympathetic
Rochelle has to walk down a dark alley to get to her house. One night, a cat knocks over a trash can as Rochelle walks by, startling her. Which division of her nervous system is MOST likely activated?
sympathetic
A child wakes his mother from a peaceful slumber to say he heard a noise. As she gets up to investigate, her heart begins to race, her mouth is dry, and she begins to sweat. Clearly, the _____ has been activated.
sympathetic nervous system
Professor Taggert is planning for his lecture tomorrow. He will be discussing a structure of the brain that is an intricate web of neurons. He will tell his students that it is a part of the brain responsible for levels of arousal. What is the topic of Professor Taggert's lecture?
the reticular formation
Which part of the brain would be BEST at arranging puzzle pieces to match a design?
the right hemisphere
An automatic reflex, such as a knee jerk or withdrawing a hand from a flame, involves:
the spinal cord
