Psychology chapter 4

Which of the following reflects alternating periods of wakefulness and sleep?

A circadian rhythm

Which of the following characterizes rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?

A level of arousal similar to that of a person's waking state

Which of the following substances is a stimulant?

Cocaine

Which of the following terms also refers to the waking state?

Conscious

Which of the following is an example of a nonconscious process?

Digestion of food

During a guided meditation session, Rachel was asked to picture a green valley under a clear blue sky. She was asked to "feel" the wind against her face and "hear" the birds chirping around her. Although none of these stimuli were actually present, Rachel felt very conscious of them. Which of the following phenomena best defines Rachel's experience?

Direct inner awareness

Consciously ejecting unwanted mental events from awareness is known as repression.

False

Mindfulness meditation provides clients with techniques they can use to attain spiritual enlightenment.

False

Which of the following is a key feature of mindfulness meditation?

Focusing on the present

Which of the following hallucinogens is derived from the resin of the Cannabis sativa plant?

Hashish

Derek's grandfather sleeps for three to five hours every night. However, he dozes off for short periods several times during the day. Derek took his grandfather to the doctor to check if he has a sleeping disorder. The doctor denied the possibility because Derek's grandfather did not display any of the known symptoms. According to the functions of sleep, what could be the likely reason for Derek's grandfather's short sleep at night?

He might feel the need to use the bathroom several times at night.

​_____ is an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance.

Hypnosis

Which of the following substances is a depressant?

Nembutal

​ _____ processes cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awareness.

Nonconscious

Which of the following is symptomatic of sleep apnea?

Obstruction of air passages

Which of the following terms best describes material that is not currently in awareness but is readily available?

Preconscious

Which of the following characterizes hypnotic suggestibility?

Proneness to fantasy

Which of the following is a difference between repression and suppression?

Repression is an unconscious process, whereas suppression is a conscious process.

Which of the following sleep disorders is similar to experiencing nightmares?

Sleep terrors

Which of the following terms refers to consciously ejecting unwanted mental events from awareness?

Suppression

Ashton was struggling to focus on an assignment that was due the next day. This was because he was constantly thinking about a fight that he had gotten into with his friend earlier in the day. However, he consciously tried to push these thoughts away by instructing himself to focus on the assignment. Ashton was using__________to put away the disturbing thoughts.

Supression

Which of the following biological views suggests that acetylcholine and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming?

The activation-synthesis model

Which of the following is a consequence of regular usage of opiates?

The brain stops producing the pain-relieving endorphins.

Which of the following events occurs during the fourth stage of sleep?

The delta waves slow to about 0.5 to 2 cycles per second, and their amplitude is greatest.

Which of the following structures contains the suprachiasmatic nucleus that stimulates the pineal gland to decrease the output of melatonin?

The hypothalamus

In the context of dreams, which of the following statements is true?

There is no evidence to suggest that dreams express impulses we censor during the day.

Which of the following is true of amphetamines?

They are often abused for the euphoric rush that high doses can produce.

In the context of sleep, which of the following statements is true?

Under deprivation of rapid eye movement sleep, animals and people learn more slowly.

In which of the following situations do people usually require more sleep than normal?

When people are under stress

​Stewart is a stage performer who wants to control his weight. He regularly smokes cigarettes and is also addicted to many other tobacco products. He thinks that it helps him relax and improve his performance on stage. In this case, Sandy is likely addicted to _____.

nicotine

​Liz was involved in a car accident that led her to sustain a head injury. When she was fully awake, the doctor approached her and asked her some questions ranging from "What is the last thing you remember?" to "when were you born?" to "what is your mother's maiden name?" Liz was able to answer all of this correctly. Such information constitutes her _________ material.

preconscious

​While on a bus on the way back home, Jenny overheard a father telling his young son an interesting story to Jenny found the story to be so captivating that she found herself listening intently to it. In fact, she was listening to the story so intently that she missed her stop. This is an example of _____.

selective attention

​While sitting in class, Paul heard two people whispering about an upcoming college event. Since this sounded more interesting to him than the lecture that was going on, Paul started listening intently to what the two people were talking about, while completely ignoring the lecture. This is an example of _________.

selective attention

​Causes of _________ include anatomical deformities that clog the air passageways, such as a thick palate, and problems in the breathing centers in the brain.

sleep apnea

​Ray often wakes up at night chattering loudly and incoherently. He is usually pacified for about five minutes after which he returns to sleep. During the morning, he is unable to recall his behavior. However, he vaguely recalls his chest being pressed. Ray seems to suffer from _____.

sleep terrors

​Kira, an eight-year-old girl, sometimes walks around the house in her sleep. During these times, her parents generally find her roaming about in the living room or the kitchen. Though in sleep, she responds to questions during these phases. But when she wakes up in the morning, she is completely unaware of her night-time excursions. This phenomenon is referred to as _____.

somnambulism

Delta waves are strong, slow brain waves usually emitted during _____ sleep.

stage 4

​David is a sixty-year-old man. He has suffered from pain in the joints for several years now. As a result, he finds it difficult to get sleep. He is further troubled by autonomic activity and muscle tension when he tries to consciously fall asleep. And now, he simply tries to relax his body without the effort of trying to fall asleep. David most likely suffers from _________.

insomnia

​_________ refers to focusing one's consciousness on a particular stimulus.

​Selective attention

​Ben is a drug addict who does not have much money. He often acquires his drugs by promising to pay the dealer later. Recently, the dealers have not been supplying Ben with drugs on loan. Ben has been going without drugs for the past week, which has led to the appearance of several physical symptoms. He begins to shake and sweat profusely. In this case, Ben is experiencing _____.

​a craving

​Low amplitude brain waves that are emitted when we close our eyes and begin to relax before going to sleep are known as _________.

​alpha waves

​The knowledge of our own thoughts, images, emotions, and memories that we experience without the use of our sensory organs is known as _____.

​direct inner awareness

​Circulation of blood is an example of a _________ process.

​nonconscious

​As we enter _________ sleep, our brain waves slowdown from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves.

​stage 1

​While on the way to write his final exam, Darren was disturbed by thoughts of failing because he hadn't studied the night before. He brushed these thoughts away and instead tried some last-minute preparation. Darren was demonstrating _____.

​suppression

​Elly attends a spiritual therapy session once a week. During these sessions, she concentrates on specific sounds or words known as "mantras". Through these sessions, Elly wishes to attain an altered state of consciousness which includes spiritual experiences. Elly is most likely to be practicing _________.

​transcendental meditation

Which of the following terms refers to an altered state of consciousness?

Meditation

Which of the following terms best describes people who are easily hypnotized?

Hypnotic suggestibility

Which of the following is true of insomnia?

It is a sleep disorder that is characterized by the inability to fall or stay asleep.

Which of the following refers to a process by which people suspend thinking and allow the world to fade away?

Meditation