Psychology chapter 4,6,8 notes

memory error in which you cannot access stored information

Blocking

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung

Collective unconscious

awareness of internal and external stimuli

Consciousness

type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience

Declarative memory

input of information into the memory system

Encoding

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

Lucid dream

storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

Manifest content

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

Memory

set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

Memory

memory error in which you confuse the source of your information

Misattribution

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions

Procedural memory?

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

Withdrawal

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

classical conditioning

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

continuous reinforcement

What are the two components of declarative memory?

episodic memory, semantic memory

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

repetition of information to be remembered

rehearsal

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

reinforcement

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde: anterograde

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Input of images

visual encoding

type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep

Alpha wave

loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

Amnesia

loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma

Anterograde amnesia

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

Chunking

encoding of information that takes effort and attention

Effortful processing

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Elaborative rehearsal

Three main elements of memory

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory

Episodic memory

What type of long-term memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

Explicit memory

exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

Flashbulb memory

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time

Insomnia

information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory

Levels of processing

sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times

Narcolepsy

sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are using ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

Recognition

identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue

Recognition

process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information

Reconstruction

act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness

Retrieval

information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

Retroactive interference

loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma

Retrograde amnesia

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

Sensory

holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used

Short term memory

state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

Sleep

sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep

Sleep apnea

brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

Sleep regulation

(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors

Sleepwalking

transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep

Stage 1 sleep

the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles

Stage 2 sleep

deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

Stage 4 sleep

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

Wakefulness

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

memories we consciously try to remember and recall

explicit memory

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

higher-order conditioning

memories that are not part of our consciousness

implicit memory

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

learning

continuous storage of information

long term memory

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

negative reinforcement

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

neutral stimulus

period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

non-REM (NREM)

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

obstructive sleep apnea

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

operant conditioning

rewarding behavior only some of the time

partial reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

positive reinforcement

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

punishment

accessing information without cues

recall

Retrieval, learning information that was previously learned

relearning

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

shaping

deep sleep, and it is harder to wake someone up if they are in this phase.

third stage of sleep

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

variable interval reinforcement schedule