Psychology chapter 4,6,8 notes
memory error in which you cannot access stored information
Blocking
theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung
Collective unconscious
awareness of internal and external stimuli
Consciousness
type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience
Declarative memory
input of information into the memory system
Encoding
people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content
Lucid dream
storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams
Manifest content
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?
Memory
set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time
Memory
memory error in which you confuse the source of your information
Misattribution
type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions
Procedural memory?
variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued
Withdrawal
learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
classical conditioning
rewarding a behavior every time it occurs
continuous reinforcement
What are the two components of declarative memory?
episodic memory, semantic memory
set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.
rehearsal
repetition of information to be remembered
rehearsal
implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior
reinforcement
When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.
retrograde: anterograde
number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded
variable ratio reinforcement schedule
Input of images
visual encoding
type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep
Alpha wave
loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma
Amnesia
loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma
Anterograde amnesia
Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.
Chunking
encoding of information that takes effort and attention
Effortful processing
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Elaborative rehearsal
Three main elements of memory
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory
Episodic memory
What type of long-term memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?
Explicit memory
exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
Flashbulb memory
consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time
Insomnia
information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory
Levels of processing
sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times
Narcolepsy
sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are using ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.
Recognition
identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue
Recognition
process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information
Reconstruction
act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness
Retrieval
information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information
Retroactive interference
loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma
Retrograde amnesia
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
Sensory
holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used
Short term memory
state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness
Sleep
sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep
Sleep apnea
brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world
Sleep regulation
(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors
Sleepwalking
transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep
Stage 1 sleep
the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles
Stage 2 sleep
deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves
Stage 4 sleep
characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior
Wakefulness
stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus (CS)
Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.
encoding failure
memories we consciously try to remember and recall
explicit memory
(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus
higher-order conditioning
memories that are not part of our consciousness
implicit memory
change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience
learning
continuous storage of information
long term memory
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.
memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information
taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior
negative reinforcement
stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
neutral stimulus
period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
non-REM (NREM)
sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway
obstructive sleep apnea
form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated
operant conditioning
rewarding behavior only some of the time
partial reinforcement
adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior
positive reinforcement
implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior
punishment
accessing information without cues
recall
Retrieval, learning information that was previously learned
relearning
rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior
shaping
deep sleep, and it is harder to wake someone up if they are in this phase.
third stage of sleep
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed
variable interval reinforcement schedule