PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 5
opiates
(also called narcotics) are drugs such as heroin and morphine that reduce pain and induce extremely intense feelings of euphoria
somnambulism
(sleepwalking), a disorder that involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep
________ is a disorder of consciousness in which an individual may open the eyes and exhibit sleep-wake cycles but show no specific signs of consciousness.
A persistent vegetative state
__________ is the lowest level of consciousness in a person who is still technically alive. In this condition, the brain, and specifically including the brainstem, no longer functions.
Brain death
_____________ suggestions specify that certain actions are not to be performed while hypnotized.
Challenge
Which of the following is a recommended way to promote good sleep?
Get up at the same time every morning.
Which of the following would be the most accurate description of hypnosis?
It is a procedure of inducing a heightened state of suggestibility.
Of the following, which is the best example of the "preserve and protect" theory of sleeping?
Many small animals sleep during the day, when they could be easily seen by a predator.
Which of the following statements best describes the scientific consensus about recovering memories with hypnosis?
Memories "recovered" through hypnosis are highly unreliable and should never be used as evidence in court.
What is the difference between a persistent vegetative state (PVS) and a minimally conscious state (MCS)?
People in an MCS show at least some behaviours that indicate consciousness, even if on an irregular basis.
________ theory states that the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes and urges.
Psychoanalytic
Ethel wakes up during the middle of the night and notices that she can see her husband Harold's eyes moving around beneath his eyelids. Which stage of sleep is Harold likely in?
REM
____________ is(are) a condition in which a person's breathing becomes obstructed or stops during sleep.
Sleep apnea
Why is REM sleep known as paradoxical sleep?
The brain waves appear to be those of an awake person, but the individual seems to be in a deep sleep.
Which of the following suggests that the endocrine system plays a large role in our sleep schedule?
The endocrine system produces a hormone called melatonin that peaks in concentration at nighttime.
The default mode network is often active when people are mind-wandering. What can you infer people might be thinking about due to the activity of this particular network?
The individual is likely thinking about ideas or memories related to themself.
Wangchuk is a defence attorney who is defending a man accused of breaking and entering. The prosecution produces a witness who says he is certain he saw Wangchuk's client outside the home just before the break-in. Davyn knows that the witness initially said he wasn't absolutely sure if his client was the man he saw, and Wangchuk discovers that the police brought in a hypnosis specialist to help the witness remember the man's face more clearly. Wangchuk does some research on hypnosis and is happy to find something he thinks will help his case. What does Wangchuk find?
Using hypnosis to help recall or refresh a memory often increases confidence in a memory but rarely increases its accuracy.
stimulants
a category of drugs that speed up the activity of the nervous system, typically enhancing wakefulness and alertness
Determining the nature of the relationship between cognitive impairment and the prolonged use of illicit drugs can be difficult because
a causal relationship cannot be inferred from correlational data.
brain death
a condition in which the brain, specifically including the brainstem, no longer functions
REM behaviour disorder
a condition that does not show the typical restriction of movement during REM sleep; in fact, they appear to be acting out of the content of their dreams
insomnia
a disorder characterized by an extreme lack of sleep
sleep apnea
a disorder characterized by the temporary inability to breathe during sleep (apnea literally translates to "without breathing")
narcolepsy
a disorder in which a person experiences extreme daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks
locked-in syndrome
a disorder in which the patient is aware and awake but, because of an inability to move his or her body, appears unconscious
minimally conscious state (MCS)
a disordered state of consciousness marked by the ability to show some behaviours that suggest at least partial consciousness, even if on an inconsistent basis
marijuana
a drug comprising the leaves and buds of the Cannabis plant that produces a combination of hallucinogenic, stimulant, and relaxing (narcotic) effects
ecstasy (MDMA)
a drug that is typically classified as a stimulant, but also has hallucinogenic effects
lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
a laboratory-made (synthetic) drug that triggers unusual sensory experiences
default mode network
a network of brain regions including the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus, and medial and lateral regions of the parietal lobe that is most active when an individual is awake but not responding to external stimuli
consciousness
a person's subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world, and self-awareness
hypnosis
a procedure of inducing a heightened state of suggestibility
polysomnography
a set of objective measurements used to examine physiological variables during sleep
REM sleep
a stage of sleep characterized by quickening brain waves, inhibited body movement, and rapid eye movements (REM)
coma
a state marked by a complete loss of consciousness
Although different psychoactive drugs have different effects on the body, they all share a basic set of mechanisms that
act on brain neurotransmitters and receptors.
hallucinogenic drugs
also known as psychedelics, are substances that produce perceptual distortions
salvia divinorum
an herb that grows in Central and South America. When smoked or chewed, salvia induces highly intense but short-lived hallucinations
mind-wandering
an unintentional redirection of attention from one's current task to an unrelated train of thought
endogenous rhythms
biological rhythms that are generated by our body independent of external cues such as light
Those who do not know much about the abuse patterns of drugs might be surprised to learn that prescription drugs
can affect the same areas of the brain as illicit drugs.
A biological rhythm that occurs over a period of approximately 24 hours is known as a(n) ______.
circadian rhythm
Alcohol has a(n) ______________ effect on the nervous system by _______________ the activity of GABA.
depressing; facilitating
Dr. Johnson claims that hypnosis is a distinct state of consciousness involving a disconnection between perception and executive processing. It appears that she is endorsing the _____________ theory of hypnosis.
dissociation
dissociation theory
explains hypnosis as a unique state in which consciousness is divided into two parts: a lower-level system involved with perception and movement and an "executive" system that evaluates and monitors these behaviours
social-cognitive theory
explains hypnosis by emphasizing the degree to which beliefs and expectations contribute to increased suggestibility
Drugs that are best known for their ability to alter normal visual and auditory perceptions are called ________.
hallucinogens
Taryn and Jeff are watching a movie in which a man hypnotizes people and uses them to commit horrendous crimes. The people he has hypnotized walk around as if in a trance, and none can recall what they have done while under hypnosis. Taryn finds the movie extremely disturbing and tells Jeff she is now terrified that someone will hypnotize her and make her do something bad. Jeff tries to comfort her, and explains that
hypnosis is not actually a trance state, and no one can be controlled by a hypnotist.
night terrors
intense bouts of panic and arousal that awaken the individual, typically in a heightened emotional state
circadian rhythms
internally driven daily cycles of approximately 24 hours affecting physiological and behavioural processes
Jamie reports that it is easier for her to adjust to a new time zone when flying west than when flying east. This occurs because
it is easier to stay up later than your circadian rhythms expect.
When you go on trips that cross time zones, you tend to feel uncomfortable and out of sorts both physically and mentally. This response to changing time zones is called
jet lag.
Frank experiences excessive daytime sleepiness and has between 5 and 10 sleep attacks a day, during which he goes directly from wakefulness to REM sleep. These attacks occur when Frank is driving, standing up, and even in business meetings. His neurologist has confirmed that he has
narcolepsy.
sleep deprivation
occurs when an individual cannot or does not sleep
sleep displacement
occurs when an individual is prevented from sleeping at the normal time although she may be able to sleep earlier or later in the day than usual
psychological dependence
occurs when emotional need for a drug develops without any underlying physical dependence
Of the following, what is hypnosis most effective for treating?
pain
nightmares
particularly vivid and disturbing dreams that occur during REM sleep
After a massive stroke, Ruth shows no outward signs of consciousness. Her major organs continue to function, and she has sleep-wake cycles when her eyes are occasionally open, but she is unresponsive to external stimuli. Which of the following most adequately describes Ruth's current state?
persistent vegetative state
Sleep may help animals stay safe and conserve energy for when it is needed most. This is known as the _________.
preserve and protect hypothesis
Studies show that university students drink __________ non-university students in the same age group.
significantly more than
A fairly recent approach to understanding hypnosis, the __________________theory, explains hypnosis by emphasizing the degree to which beliefs and expectations contribute to increased suggestibility.
social-cognitive
sedative drugs
sometimes referred to as "downers," depress activity of the central nervous system
While cramming for his final exam at the library, Marcus fell asleep at the table. The librarian is trying to wake him up because the building is closing, but cannot seem to get his attention, even by shouting. Marcus is likely in what stage of sleep?
stage 4
persistent vegetative state
state of minimal to no consciousness in which the patient's eyes may be open, and the individual will develop sleep-wake cycles without clear signs of consciousness
The chemical effects of __________include increased dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine activity. In addition, tolerance develops quickly, and there is a high likelihood of dependence.
stimulants
psychoactive drugs
substances that affect thinking, behaviour, perception, and emotion
psychedelics
substances that produce perceptual distortions
activation-synthesis hypothesis
suggests that dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages from the pons, a part of the brainstem
preserve and protect hypothesis
suggests that two more adaptive functions of sleep are preserving energy and protecting the organism from harm
Participants completed memory and problem-solving tasks on a laboratory computer. They were then taken into a sleep laboratory, where their brain activity was measured throughout the night. Each time the participants entered the REM stage of sleep, an experimenter would wake him or her up. On what laboratory tasks should the REM-deprived participants be most impaired?
tests requiring them to remember how to solve complex problems.
latent content
the actual symbolic meaning of a dream built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges
The synthesis part of the activation-synthesis hypothesis suggests that
the brain tries to link together, or make sense of, randomly activated images.
jet lag
the discomfort a person feels when sleep cycles are out of synchronization with light and darkness
restore and repair hypothesis
the idea that the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear experienced during the day's activities
manifest content
the images and storylines that we dream about
physical dependence
the need to take a drug to ward off unpleasant physical withdrawal symptoms
The problem-solving theory of dreaming proposes that
the problems and concerns we face in our waking life also appear in our dreams.
chronotype
the tendency to prefer sleeping earlier or later in a given 24-hour period
problem-solving theory
the theory that thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping, and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake
What functions may benefit from mind-wandering?
thinking about things you plan to do in the near future
When people use the same amount of a drug but experience less and less effect, necessitating the use of larger doses, they are experiencing
tolerance.
When does sleep displacement occur?
when an individual is allowed to sleep, but not at their normal time
When does drug tolerance occur?
when an individual needs increasingly larger amounts of a drug to achieve the same desired effect
entrainment
when biological rhythms become synchronized to external cues such as light, temperature, or even a clock
tolerance
when repeated use of a drug results in a need for a higher dose to get the intended effect