psychology chapter 5

Which of the following individuals believed that cognition was an important part of behavior? 1) B. F. Skinner 2) John Watson 3) Martin Seligman 4) Edward Thorndike

Martin Seligman

Kohler's chimpanzee experiment involved:

a chimp fitting one stick into another stick to reach out of his cage for a banana

_____ occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus.

higher-order conditioning

A five-year old watches his father dunk a basketball. Since the child is unable to reach the basket in the way his father can, the child cannot learn this behavior by observing because he cannot accomplish the step of:

imitation

The four elements of observational learning are attention, memory, ______, and ______.

imitation; desire

Which of the following examples of change demonstrates learning? 1) Ama slows down her car after seeing a police officer on the side of the road. 2) Isaiah sits for the first time. 3) As Lamont grows older, he begins to look more and more like his father. 4) Kara asks her mom for a new pair of shoes after noticing an increase in the size of her feet.

Ama slows down her car after seeing a police officer on the side of the road

_____ believed that classical conditioning occurred because the CS became a substitute for the UCS when paired closely together in time.

Pavlov

Which of the following is NOT an example of a "normal" reflex? 1) Jeremy cringes at the sound of chalk screeching across the chalkboard. 2) Tabatha feels queasy after seeing a plate of oysters. 3) Markita screams as her arm brushes up against a hot iron. 4) Dustin kicks his leg out as the doctor taps his knee.

Tabatha feels queasy after seeing a plate of oysters

___________ occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways.

acquisition

Which of the following is an example of a stimulus that is likely to bring out a conditioned emotional response? 1) a Christmas tree all lit up 2) eerie music from a movie you thought was scary 3) a parent holding a belt 4) all of the above

all of the above

Khalila decided to try a new dish consisting of rice and tomatoes just as she was coming down with the flu. Now, every time she sees rice or tomatoes, she gets sick to her stomach. In this example, Khalila's experience of nausea at the sight of rice or tomatoes exhibits a(n) ____________.

conditioned response

Marco's mom gives him a treat every night after dinner when he picks up his plate and places it in the dishwasher. Marco's mom uses:

continuous reinforcement

Seligman connects learned helplessness to:

depression

Noah is a junior in college and has always been an average student. This semester, he has a political science class for which he feels very passionate, and he sees himself pursuing a career in politics. For the first time, he wants to do well so that he can get an "A." This is an example of which element of observational learning?

desire

A stimulus that has no effect on the desired response is a(n):

neutral stimulus

In Tolman's study of latent learning, one group of rats was rewarded for getting out of the maze, a second was not rewarded during training trials but was rewarded eventually, and a third group of rats was:

not rewarded

Voluntary behavior, to Skinner, was ______ behavior

operant

According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first:

pay attention

In toilet training a cat, "Lid Up, Seat Down" is known in operant conditioning as:

preparing the training area

Severe punishments, such as hitting:

provide a successful model for aggression

Anna's mother scolds her for lying. Anna's mother is using:

punishment by application

In defining learning, "_____" refers to the fact that when people learn anything, a part of their brain is physically changed to record what they have learned, and that change remains even if the behavior does not

relatively permanent

Dr. Rubio is conducting an experiment in classical conditioning. Shortly after playing music, she places a loaf of bread on the window sill outside her office window. After doing this a number of times, she notices that now, just as she begins to play her music, several birds fly to her window even before she presents the bread. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

the music

In operant conditioning, responses are _______, whereas in classical conditioning, responses are _______

voluntary; involuntary