psychology chapter 6

fixed-ratio schedule

Reinforcement follows a set # of behaviors

in operant conditioning, discrimination occurs when

an organism responds appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced

unconditioned response

an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

classical conditioning is a form of

associative learning

positive reinforcement

the presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior

Reinforcement

the process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again

motor reproduction

the process of imitating the model's actions

negative reinforcement

the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior

law of effect

thorndike's law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

attention

to reproduce a model's actions, you must attend to that the model is saying or doing

retention

to reproduce a model's actions, you must encode the information and keep it in memory so that you can retrieve it

which of the following is true about classical conditioning

it is a form of respondent behavior

which of the following is true of spontaneous recovery I classical conditioning

it occurs without further conditioning

which of the following is true of observational learning?

it often takes less time than operant conditioning

which one the following is true of variable-interval schedule in operant conditioning?

it reinforces a behavior after an inconsistent and unpredictable amount of time has elapsed

observational learning

learning by observing others

classical conditioning

learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

the surface content of a dream, containing dream symbols that disguise the dreams true meaning are

manifest content

Watson and Little Albert experiment

He conditioned Albert to fear mice by presenting loud noise whenever the mouse was presented

punishment

a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur

operant conditioning

a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence

insight learning

a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution

aversive conditioning

a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus

conditioned response

a learned response to a conditioned stimulus that occurs after CS-US/UCS

conditioned stimulus

a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

vicarious punishment

a process that makes an observer less likely to repeat a behavior on seeing the model reprimanded is called

taste aversion learning

a special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea

unconditioned stimulus US/UCS

a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

neutral stimulus

a stimulus which does not trigger a response

negative punishment

behavior followed by aversive consequence rewarding stimulus is "removed"

positive punishment

behavior followed by aversive consequences aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is "added"

Thorndike's Law of Effect

established the power of consequences In determining voluntary behavior, resulting in his law of effect

in operant conditioning,_____ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation

generalization

Joseph, a three year old boy, is afraid of the doctor who gave him a shot and made him cry. Consequently, whenever Joseph sees a person in a white lab coat, he starts crying. this is what?

generalization in classical conditioning

Generalization

in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

Pavlov's experiment

in this experiment, experiments on food digestion, he routinely placed meat powder in a dogs mouth, causing the dog to salivate.

expectancy learning

information value when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations

Identify the accurate statement about operant conditioning

operant conditioning is a form of associative learning

Variable ratio

reinforcement follows a unpredictable # of behaviors

fixed-interval schedule

reinforcement follows behavior that occurs after a set amount of Tim has elapsed

variable interval

reinforcement follows behavior the occurs after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed

Discimination

stimuli signal when behavior will or will not be reinforced

John, a six yr old boy, loves dogs. however, after being bitten by one, he starts to fear dogs. which of the following is true in the context of classical conditioning?

the dog becomes a conditional stimulus after it bites John

acquisition

the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired

in Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food, the dogs salivation in response to the food was

unconditioned reinforcement

latent learning (implicit learning)

unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior