Psychology Chapter 6
Initial stage of learning something
Acquisition
Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation
Four key processes in observational learning
A conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
Higher-order conditioning
Form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
Operant Conditioning
US = UR NS+ US = UR CS(NS) = CR
Pavlov's Findings
Gradual process which involves reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response -> necessary when an organism does not, on its own, emit the desired response
Shaping
Reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus
Spontaneous recovery
When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus doesn't respond in the same way to new stimulus that are similar to the original
Stimulus discrimination
When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus that are similar to the original stimulus
Stimulus generalization
An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Investigated observational learning extensively and identified four key processes in observational learning
Albert Bandura
Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment because both are associated with ____
Aversive stimuli
Used Pavlov's work as a foundation, but added new concepts of reward and punishment as deciding factors in how organisms respond
B.F. Skinner
Type of learning in which a stimulus acquires capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
Classical Conditioning
A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Previously neutral stimulus that has through conditioning acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models
Observational Learning
When an organism's response is influenced by the observation of others
Observational Learning
