Psychology Chapter 6

Initial stage of learning something

Acquisition

Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

Four key processes in observational learning

A conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

Higher-order conditioning

Form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Operant Conditioning

US = UR NS+ US = UR CS(NS) = CR

Pavlov's Findings

Gradual process which involves reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response -> necessary when an organism does not, on its own, emit the desired response

Shaping

Reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus

Spontaneous recovery

When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus doesn't respond in the same way to new stimulus that are similar to the original

Stimulus discrimination

When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus that are similar to the original stimulus

Stimulus generalization

An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Investigated observational learning extensively and identified four key processes in observational learning

Albert Bandura

Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment because both are associated with ____

Aversive stimuli

Used Pavlov's work as a foundation, but added new concepts of reward and punishment as deciding factors in how organisms respond

B.F. Skinner

Type of learning in which a stimulus acquires capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

Classical Conditioning

A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

Conditioned Response (CR)

Previously neutral stimulus that has through conditioning acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models

Observational Learning

When an organism's response is influenced by the observation of others

Observational Learning