Psychology Chapter 6
How are encoding, storage, and retrieval related?
All have something to do with info encoding initial learning of info. Storage maintaining info over time retrieval ability to access info
What is another name for explicit memory? What is it called explicit?
Also called declarative memory. It clearly and distinctly expresses specific information
Memory trace
An assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus
Working memory
Another name for short term memory
How does attention affect the brain and learning?
Attention keeps us physically aroused and helps us to learn
Long-term memory
Hold information for hours, days, months, and decades
What is sensory memory?
Holds information for just a second, and then passes it on to STM if the material is relevant
Repression
In Freud's psychodynamic theory, the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness
Displace
In memory theory, to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information
What does it mean for a memory to be context-dependent?
Info that is better retrieved under circumstances in which it was encoded and stored
Context-dependent learning
Information that is better retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored, or learned
State-dependent memory
Information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned
Short-term memory
Last a few seconds/min (will hold around 7-9 items)
Dissociative amnesia
Loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete
Another name for short term memory
Primary memory
What are some differences between recall and recognition?
Recall requires remembering and integrating details Recognition asks someone to pick an answer from a list of choices
How does chunking improve memory?
Reduces he number of items to be remembered by clustering them
How does elaboration help improve memory?
Reduces the number of items to be remembered by clustering them
What is eidetic imagery? Does it exist?
Refers to photographic memory, it typically does not exist
Prospective
Remembering to do something
What are two basic theories concerning interference?
Retroactive and proactive
What does iconic memory and echoic memory contribute to the sensory memory system?
- Ionic and brief visual memory - Echoic brief hold mental receptors of auditory stimuli
How much information can be stored in the long term memory?
A infinite capacity
Method of saving
A measure of retention in which the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed is calculated
What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon? What can be done to improve recall of those memories?
A state where you recall a word/game that use short term memory
Chunking
A stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information
Schema
A way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, that can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations
How does schema help one solve problems?
Schemas provide us with organized approaches to solving problems
__________ memories concern generalized knowledge
Semantic
What are two explanations for amnesia?
Temporary reduction of blood supply after an injury Injury might disrupt transmission across synapses and temporarily dislodge old memories and take away new ones not thoroughly stored.
Priming
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
Retrograde amnesia
The failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma
Tip of the tongue phenomenon
The feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved; also called the feeling-of-knowing experience
Infantile amnesia
The inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3; childhood amnesia
What is the definition of forgetting?
The increase in errors made when trying to recall information
Proactive interference
The interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently
Retroactive interference
The interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously
Elaborative rehearsal
The kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known
Retrieval
The location of stored information and its return to consciousness; the third stage of information processing
Eidetic imagery
The maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes
Storage
The maintenance of information over time; the second stage of information processing
Iconic memory
The sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of visual stimuli
Hippocampus
The structure in the limbic system that has a special role in the storage of memories
Serial position effect
The tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle
Sensory memory system
The type of stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus; sensory memory hold impressions briefly, but long enough so that series of perception are psychologically continues
Interference theory
The view that we may forget stored material because other learning interferes with it
How is short term memory different from long term?
You dont retain the info the same as long term
Explicit memory
You have to work to remember
Implicit memory
You remember unconsciously
Another way of storing information is by ____ rehearsal, when we relate new information to things we already know
elaborative
Memories of the events that happen to a person are ________ memories
episodic
Anterograde amnesia
failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma
Detailed memories of surprising, important, and emotional events are termed _____ memories
flashbulb
One way of storing information is by ____ rehearsal, or by mentally repeating it.
maintenance
In ____ interference, older learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning.
proactive
In _____ interference, new learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning.
retroactive
Echoic memory
the sensory register that briefly holds traces of auditory stimuli
_____ imagery is the ability to retain exact mental representations of visual stimuli over long periods of time
Eidetic
What seems to improve or cause flashbulb memory?
Emotional connections
Long term potentiation
Enhanced efficiency in synaptic transmission that follows brief, rapid stimulation
Semantic memory
General knowledge, as opposed to episodic memory
Nonsence syllables
Meaningless sets of two consonants, with a vowel sandwiched in between, that are used to study memory
Retrospective memory
Memory of people, words, and events
Prospective memory
Memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs
Maintenance rehearsal
Mental repetition of information to keep it in memory
Encode
Modifies information so that it can be placed in memory; encoding is the first stage of information processing
How does the interference theory explain forgetting?
New material conflicts with previously learned material, making the new material harder to remember
Paired associations
Nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall
Episodic memory
Of events that happen to a person or that take place in the persons presence