Psychology Chapter 6

How are encoding, storage, and retrieval related?

All have something to do with info encoding initial learning of info. Storage maintaining info over time retrieval ability to access info

What is another name for explicit memory? What is it called explicit?

Also called declarative memory. It clearly and distinctly expresses specific information

Memory trace

An assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus

Working memory

Another name for short term memory

How does attention affect the brain and learning?

Attention keeps us physically aroused and helps us to learn

Long-term memory

Hold information for hours, days, months, and decades

What is sensory memory?

Holds information for just a second, and then passes it on to STM if the material is relevant

Repression

In Freud's psychodynamic theory, the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness

Displace

In memory theory, to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information

What does it mean for a memory to be context-dependent?

Info that is better retrieved under circumstances in which it was encoded and stored

Context-dependent learning

Information that is better retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored, or learned

State-dependent memory

Information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned

Short-term memory

Last a few seconds/min (will hold around 7-9 items)

Dissociative amnesia

Loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete

Another name for short term memory

Primary memory

What are some differences between recall and recognition?

Recall requires remembering and integrating details Recognition asks someone to pick an answer from a list of choices

How does chunking improve memory?

Reduces he number of items to be remembered by clustering them

How does elaboration help improve memory?

Reduces the number of items to be remembered by clustering them

What is eidetic imagery? Does it exist?

Refers to photographic memory, it typically does not exist

Prospective

Remembering to do something

What are two basic theories concerning interference?

Retroactive and proactive

What does iconic memory and echoic memory contribute to the sensory memory system?

- Ionic and brief visual memory - Echoic brief hold mental receptors of auditory stimuli

How much information can be stored in the long term memory?

A infinite capacity

Method of saving

A measure of retention in which the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed is calculated

What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon? What can be done to improve recall of those memories?

A state where you recall a word/game that use short term memory

Chunking

A stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information

Schema

A way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, that can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations

How does schema help one solve problems?

Schemas provide us with organized approaches to solving problems

__________ memories concern generalized knowledge

Semantic

What are two explanations for amnesia?

Temporary reduction of blood supply after an injury Injury might disrupt transmission across synapses and temporarily dislodge old memories and take away new ones not thoroughly stored.

Priming

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Retrograde amnesia

The failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

The feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved; also called the feeling-of-knowing experience

Infantile amnesia

The inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3; childhood amnesia

What is the definition of forgetting?

The increase in errors made when trying to recall information

Proactive interference

The interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently

Retroactive interference

The interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously

Elaborative rehearsal

The kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known

Retrieval

The location of stored information and its return to consciousness; the third stage of information processing

Eidetic imagery

The maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes

Storage

The maintenance of information over time; the second stage of information processing

Iconic memory

The sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of visual stimuli

Hippocampus

The structure in the limbic system that has a special role in the storage of memories

Serial position effect

The tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle

Sensory memory system

The type of stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus; sensory memory hold impressions briefly, but long enough so that series of perception are psychologically continues

Interference theory

The view that we may forget stored material because other learning interferes with it

How is short term memory different from long term?

You dont retain the info the same as long term

Explicit memory

You have to work to remember

Implicit memory

You remember unconsciously

Another way of storing information is by ____ rehearsal, when we relate new information to things we already know

elaborative

Memories of the events that happen to a person are ________ memories

episodic

Anterograde amnesia

failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma

Detailed memories of surprising, important, and emotional events are termed _____ memories

flashbulb

One way of storing information is by ____ rehearsal, or by mentally repeating it.

maintenance

In ____ interference, older learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning.

proactive

In _____ interference, new learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning.

retroactive

Echoic memory

the sensory register that briefly holds traces of auditory stimuli

_____ imagery is the ability to retain exact mental representations of visual stimuli over long periods of time

Eidetic

What seems to improve or cause flashbulb memory?

Emotional connections

Long term potentiation

Enhanced efficiency in synaptic transmission that follows brief, rapid stimulation

Semantic memory

General knowledge, as opposed to episodic memory

Nonsence syllables

Meaningless sets of two consonants, with a vowel sandwiched in between, that are used to study memory

Retrospective memory

Memory of people, words, and events

Prospective memory

Memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs

Maintenance rehearsal

Mental repetition of information to keep it in memory

Encode

Modifies information so that it can be placed in memory; encoding is the first stage of information processing

How does the interference theory explain forgetting?

New material conflicts with previously learned material, making the new material harder to remember

Paired associations

Nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall

Episodic memory

Of events that happen to a person or that take place in the persons presence