Psychology Chapter 9

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

1. Germinal stage - week's 1-2, called a zygote 2. Embryonic stage - weeks 3-8, called an embryo 3. Fetal stage - weeks 9-40, called a fetus

What are Erikson's Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development?

1. Infant (0-18m) - Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Toddler (18m-3y) - Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt 3. Pre-schooler (3-5y) - Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Grade-schooler (5-13y) - Industry vs. Inferiority 5. Teenager (13-21y) - Identity vs. Role Confusion 6. Young Adult (21-39y) - Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Middle-age adult (40-65y) - Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Older Adult (65+) - Integrity vs. Despair

What are Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

1. Preconventional stage (birth to adolescence) - Moral judgement is self-centered, and is based off of rewards, avoiding punishment, and exchanging of favors. 2. Conventional stage (adolescence to young adulthood) - Moral judgement is other-centered, and is based on following to rules simply because you are supposed to follow them. 3. Post-conventional stage (adulthood) - Moral judgement is based on personal standards for right and wrong. It is understanding YOUR OWN definition of right and wrong.

What are the 4 Marcia Identity Statuses?

Achievement (commitment and exploration) Foreclosure (commitment and no exploration) Moratorium (exploration and no commitment) Diffusion (no exploration or commitment)

What are developmental milestones?

Approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events. Ex: crawling, walking, writing, dressing, etc.

What is attachment? What did Harry Harlow determine?

Attachment is a strong emotional bond with special others that endures over time. Harry Harlow asked if attachment is really due to survival. He tested a survival mom and a carpet mom on monkeys, to determine that contact comfort is where attachment comes from.

What are the four parenting styles?

Authoritative - Nurturing, affectionate, sets boundaries, open communication Authoritarian - Strict, inflexible, high expectations, punish not discipline Permissive - Nurturing, affectionate, "friend" not parent, no boundaries Uninvolved - Emotionally detached, self-absorbed, no boundaries, little interaction

What is the difference between physical development, cognitive development, and psychosocial development?

Physical development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. Cognitive development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. Psychosocial development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

What are schemes, assimilation, and accommodation?

Schemas are concepts used to help us categorize and interpret information. Assimilation is when new information can be categorized in terms of existing schemas, and accommodation is when we adjust existing schemas so they better fit with new information.

What are the 4 attachment styles found in the Strange Situation research?

Secure Attachment - Child seems closeness with mother. Anxious - Child shows mixed emotions when mother returns Anxious/avoidant - Child doesn't care when mother leaves Disorganized - Child is scared of caregiver

What are Piaget's four stages of development?

Sensorimotor (0-2) - Use senses and actions to create schemas. Object permanence is when objects don't disappear just because you don't see it. Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety develop in this stage. Preoperational (2-7) - Use language to create schemas. Lack conservation means that kids get distracted easily by the appearance of things and forget to focus on the other elements. Animistic is when kids give inanimate objects living qualities. Egocentrism is the inability to take the perspective of another person. Concrete Operational (7-11) - Conservation is being able to understand things no matter what the appearance is. Formal Operational - Able to think abstractly and critically. An imaginary audience is when individuals believe that they are the center of everyone else's attention. A personal fable is when adolescents feel that no one else understands or can relate to their experiences, and they are alone in their struggles.

What is stability or change?

Stability is when you are the same person as an adult as you were as a child. Change is when you are a different person as an adult than you were as a child.

What are stages or continuity?

Stages or discontinuous, is where development takes place in unique stages at specific times or ages. The change is more sudden. Continuous is a cumulative process, gradually improving on skills.

Explain Vygotsky and Cognitive Development

Vygotsky emphasizes sociocultural influence on child's development. The zone of proximal development refers to the child's ability to perform challenging tasks with the help of a parent or adult (scaffolding).

What are teratogens?

any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period. embryo's are most sensitive to teratogens