Psychology Chapter 9
Elliott is a two-year-old toddler. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this means that he is in the pre operational stage. Which of the following is true of this stage?
A child's thinking in the stage is limited because it is egocentric, children have difficulty in this stage understanding the concept of reversible operations.
Cross-sectional research is best represented by?
A study where elementary students in grades 6, 7, 8, and 9 are surveyed all at one time
____ psychology studies the patterns of physical, cognitive, and social growth that occur throughout the lifespan.
Developmental
Who are you? This question pertains to which of the following theories?
Marcia's theory of exploration and commitment
What theorist, more than any other, is most associated with cognitive development in children?
Piaget
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols?
Sensorimotor
What is true regarding Piaget's theory of schemas?
a schema assists us in making sense of experience, schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills, a schema organizes information
According to Piaget's theory, a schema might be modified into different schemas that ____ to the environment.
accommodate
According to Piaget's schema theory, a toddler might learn to call all four-legged animals "dogs." AS time went on, however, he would realize that a cat is not the same as a dog and so would develop a new cat schema. This process is ____.
accommodation
Emerging ____ is the transition from adolescence in adulthood.
adulthood
What are examples of teratogens?
alcohol, heroin, thalidomide
Mary Ainsworth developed a procedure called the "strange situation" which she used to study types of attachment. Ainsworth found what?
an insecurely attached infant avoids the mother or is ambivalent towards her, the securely attached infant moves freely away from the mother but also keeps tabs on her
According to Piaget's theory, ____ occurs when individuals incorporate new information into existing knowledge.
assimilation
____ occurs when you incorporate new information into existing knowledge, whereas ____ occurs when individuals adjust their schemas to new information.
assimilation, accommodation
Kirsten and her newborn have a close emotional bond. Kirsten believes this is important because it "sets the stage" for relationships later in life. This bond, according to Bowlby, is
attachment
Some developmental psychology researchers use the term infant ____ to describe the initial important connection to a caregiver that provides a foundation for later development.
attachment
According to Baumrind, ____ parenting is a restrictive, punitive style in which the parent both exhorts the child to follow the parent's directions and places firm limits on the child.
authoritarian
What parenting style is exemplified by a rigid and punitive style?
authoritarian
When does Erikson's stage of industry vs. inferiority occur?
between the age of 6 and puberty
Leonard Hayflick developed the ____-____ theory of aging, which says that our cells become less capable of dividing as we age.
cellular clock
What are examples of cognitive processes involved in development?
changes in a person's intelligence, changes in a person's thinking
What developments are typical of Erikson's initiative vs guilt stage?
children's social worlds widen, children develop initiative
What type of development is characterized by the improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience?
cognitive
Dr. Franklin wants to assess the intelligence of one thousand people ages 20, 30, and 40. If he does this as a cross-sectional study, he has some concerns that, since these people were all born at different times and have had different experiences and opportunities, there may be ____ ____.
cohort effects
Cole is planning to be a physicist; he is an undergraduate working towards that goal. According to Marcia's concept of identity status, what dimension of identity development is Cole involved in?
commitment
____ involves making a decision about which identity path to follow and making a personal investment in attaining that identity.
commitment
The ____ stage lasts from about 7 to 11 years of age, during which time the individual replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in certain situations.
concrete operational
Marissa is a college freshman who is involved in career exploration. According to Erikson's socioemotional theory, she is in the stage of identity vs. identity ____.
confusion
Harry Harlow's classic study with baby monkeys demonstrated
contact comfort, a preference of warmth and nestling
In a research study, Dr. Lopez asked people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. This research is best described as
cross-sectional
Erikson's final adult developmental life stage involves reevaluating what we have done in our lives. If we feel we have done well, we have a sense of integrity. Otherwise, we have a sense of ____.
despair
The term ____ refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.
development
Kohlberg's post conventional level of moral thought is based on which principles?
development of a personal moral code, recognition of alternative moral courses, exploration of options
Allison is a 14-year-old who spends hours in the bathroom fixing her hair because she believes that everyone will notice how she has styled it. This best describes adolescent ____.
egocentrism
The second period of prenatal development that spans from week three to week eight is called ____.
embryonic
What traits define the "authoritative" parent, according to Baumrind?
encourages independence, places limits on child
The last period of prenatal development is called the ____ period.
fetal
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from about age 11 through adulthood and is characterized by abstract and idealistic thinking?
formal operational
The ____-____ theory of aging states that people age because unstable oxygen molecules are produced inside their cells.
free radical
Brad is a 15-year-old who, according to Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, functions at the formal operational stage of development. This means that he uses hypothetical-deductive reasoning. What is representative of this type of reasoning?
generation of hypotheses, systematic conclusion of the best path to follow
Genotype is defined as a person's
genetic material
Melanie has decided to go to law school because she comes from a long line of lawyers and her family expects her to go to law school too. According to Marcia's theory of status concept, what identity status best describes Melanie?
identity foreclosure
Erikson's psychological stage in which adolescents face the challenges of finding out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life is known as
identity versus identity confusion
Which of Erikson's stages occurs in childhood and involves learning and developing new skills?
industry vs. inferiority
Allison is in Piaget's pre operational stage of development. She is asked to explain how she knows something. She says, "I just know." This is an example of what Piaget referred to as
intuitive thought
What is typical of Erikson's industry-versus-inferiority stages
it involves mastering knowledge, it involves mastering intellectual skills, it occurs from about the age of 6 to puberty
Dr. Sanchez, a developmental psychologist, says that there has not been enough attention paid to adult development. Dr. Sanchez clearly believes in the importance of ____ ____.
later experiences
The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other is known as
lateralization
According to Chess and Thomas' work on temperament, a child that is classified as a "slow-to-warm-up child" displays what behaviors?
low activity level, has low intensity of mood, displays minimal adaptability
Androgens are the main class of ____ sex hormones.
male
Processes such as hormonal changes of puberty and menopause, changes in the brain, height, and weight, and motor skill changes reflect the developmental role of biological processes and are referred to as ____.
maturation
Development in terms of biological processes involves what changes?
maturation, hormonal changes, changes in motor skills
According to the ____ ____, infants have some basic expectations about events and objects in the world.
nativist approach
Jays mother spends a lot of time out of the house visiting friends. Fay's father is at the office most of the time. Neither parent knows where Fay is or what she is doing. Which parenting style best describes Fay's parents?
neglectful
According to Diana Baumrind, parents interact with their children in one of four basic ways. Parents who are not involved with their children are described as
neglectful parents
In developmental psychology, the term ____ refers to an organism's environmental experiences.
nurture
What is true of memory in late adulthood?
older adults tend to do more poorly than younger adults in most aspects of memory, older adults take longer to retrieve information about the world but often can remember it
Kohlberg's conventional level of moral thought is based primarily on standards set by ____ and ____ ____.
parents, society's laws
Frank and Wilma still consider themselves "hippies." They raised their children to be what Wilma calls "creative" and Frank refers to as "free to make their own decisions." Most likely Frank and Wilma subscribe to ____ parenting.
permissive
Lack of respect for others, difficulty controlling behavior, and expecting to get one's way are all effects of which parenting style?
permissive
Alex is very tall. Alex's parents are also very tall. This observation provides a partial explanation for Alex's
phenotype
During their 20s, adults reach their peak in ____ development.
physical
Hannah's parents have an authoritarian parenting style. What personality features are likely in Hannah?
poor social skills, difficulty in initiating actions
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from ages 2 to 7 and is characterized by the development of language?
preoperational
What is typical of puberty?
rapid skeletal maturation, hormonal changes, rapid sexual maturation
A person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times is defined as ____.
resilience
In a word recognition task, younger adults process information in the ____ ____ while older adults use both hemispheres.
right hemisphere
Authoritarian parents are
rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience
According to Piaget, a(n) ____ is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information.
schema
Effective monitoring of adolescents involves supervising the adolescent's choice of
social settings, friends, activities
What skills begin to decline in early adulthood?
strength, speed, perceptual-abilities
Longitude research essentially involves
studying the same participants over time
Scientists have tried to explain why cells lose their ability to divide. Each time a cell divides, the ____ that protect the ends of the chromosomes become shorter and shorter. After about 100 replications, they are dramatically reduced and the cell can no longer reproduce.
telomeres
Alcohol, viruses, and nicotine are all categorized as ____ because they can cause birth defects when a fetus is exposed to them.
teratogen
Changes in two hormones, ____ and estradiol, lie at the core of development in puberty.
testosterone
What is true in regard to Vygotsky's theory of development?
the goal of cognitive development is to become competent in your culture, learning occurs through interaction with skilled others, there is an emphasis on collaborative learning
Dr. Harrison is a developmental psychologist who believes that in order for individuals to reach their full potential, they have to receive warm and responsive caregiving in the first twelve months of life. Dr. Harrison is most likely a proponent of the
the importance of early experiences
According to Piaget, conservation is ____.
the knowledge that certain attributes of objects remain the same despite superficial changes, part of the concrete operational stage
According to Piaget's theory, object permanence beings in which stage?
the sensorimotor
What are the basic types, or clusters, of temperament?
the slow-to-warm-up child is cautious in the face of new experiences, the easy child adapts easily to new experiences, the difficult child is slow to accept new experiences
Marina is 11 months old. According to Erikson's socioemotional theory of development, she is in which stage?
trust versus mistrust
Which of Erikson's stages occurs in infancy and involves feeling a sense of assurance toward one's caregiver?
trust vs. mistrust
____, which is expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life, might improve with age.
wisdom
What describes the fertilized egg in the first two weeks of prenatal development?
zygote
At what age is the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage predominant?
1.5 to 3 years
According to Piaget, during what period is the formal operational stage predominant?
11 to 15 years
The sensorimotor stage lasts from birth to age ____.
2
During what period is the pre operational stage predominant?
2 to 7 years
