Chapter 41 -

e. primary consumer

A cow eating grass is an example of a _____. a. producer b. secondary consumer c. tertiary consumer d. detritivore e. primary consumer

a. predation

A human eats a deer. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the deer? a. predation b. commensalism c. parasitism d. mutualism e. competition

b. tertiary consumer

A human who just ate a hamburger is eaten by a shark while swimming. The shark is acting as a _____. a. detritivore b. tertiary consumer c. producer d. secondary consumer e. primary consumer

d. the island's size & distance from the mainland

According to MacArthur and Wilson's hypothesis of island biogeography, species immigration and extinction rates on a particular island correlate to __________. a. the island's stage of ecological succession b. how the island formed c. when the island formed d. the island's size & distance from the mainland e. the number of other islands in the archipelago

a. ecological niche

According to the principle of competitive exclusion, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____. a. ecological niche b. biome c. range d. territory e. environmental habitat

a. detritivore

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____. a. detritivore b. tertiary consumer c. primary consumer d. secondary consumer e. producer

b. commensalism

An egret eats insects stirred up by grazing animals. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the egret and the grazing animal? a. parasitism b. commensalism c. predation d. mutualism e. competition

b. its food source

An organism's "trophic level" refers to _____. a. the intensity of its competition with other species b. its food source c. the rate at which it uses energy d. where it lives e. whether it is early or late in ecological succession

a. moderate levels of disturbance

Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community's species diversity is increased by __________. a. moderate levels of disturbance b. human intervention to eliminate disturbance c. frequent massive disturbance d. stable conditions with no disturbance

b. a cascade event that shifts the entire makeup of the community

Caribbean coral reef communities have been strongly influenced by an unknown pathogen that causes white-band disease. How can the effect of white-band disease best be described? a. Batesian mimicry b. a cascade event that shifts the entire makeup of the community c. the removal of a keystone species d. commensalism e. mutualism

a. mutualism

Cellulose-digesting microorganisms live in the guts of termites and ruminant mammals. The microorganisms have a home and food, and their hosts gain more nutrition from their meals. This relationship is an example of _____. a. mutualism b. predation c. parasitism d. commensalism e. herbivory

c. competition

Humans and sharks both eat fish. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the shark? a. predation b. parasitism c. competition d. commensalism e. mutualism

c. mutualism

Humans who have pets tend to be healthier than humans who do not have pets. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a human and a pet? a. predation b. commensalism c. mutualism d. parasitism e. competition

e. producers

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____. a. tertiary consumers b. secondary consumers c. primary consumers d. detritivores e. producers

d. whose absence would cause major disruption in a community

Keystone species are those species _____. a. that provide important foods and medicines b. that live primarily on or under rocks and stones c. that have the most biomass in the community d. whose absence would cause major disruption in a community e. with the largest number of individuals in a community

d. benefit... harmed

Of the choices below, which best describes the effect predation has on the predator/prey organisms involved in the relationship? a. harmed... harmed b. no effect... benefit c. benefit... no effect d. benefit... harmed e. benefit... benefit

b. trophic structure

The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community's __________. a. species richness b. trophic structure c. ecological niche d. secondary succession

a. Batesian mimicry

The term used to describe a harmless organism resembling a harmful one is _____. a. Batesian mimicry b. warning coloration c. cryptic coloration d. Mullerian mimicry e. aposematic coloration

d. secondary consumer

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____. a. detritivore b. tertiary consumer c. primary consumer d. secondary consumer e. producer

d. Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees.

Which of the following best illustrates ecological succession? a. A mouse eats seeds, and an owl eats the mouse. b. Introduced pheasants increase, and native quail populations disappear. c. Overgrazing causes a nutrient loss from soil. d. Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees. e. Decomposition in soil releases nitrogen that plants can use.

c. A community at a particular site has only one stable equilibrium.

Which of the following statements is in accordance with F. E. Clements' view that species in a community function as an integrated unit? a. Most communities are chance assemblages of species found together because they have similar abiotic requirements. b. Species composition is determined by island size and distance from the mainland. c. A community at a particular site has only one stable equilibrium. d. Food chains are not isolated units but are linked together in food webs. e. Most communities are not at equilibrium.

b. parasitism

Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a dog and a blood-sucking tick? a. mutualism b. parasitism c. commensalism d. competition d. predation