Psychology Chapters 9 and 10

________ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

Personality

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, ________ intelligence predominantly involves the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine.

creative

Heuristics differ from algorithms in that heuristics

do not guarantee an answer.

The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state, is known as

homeostasis.

Motivation for sexual behavior is centered in the

hypothalamus

Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be

more collaborative.

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ego abides by the ________ principle.

reality

According to Bandura, the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality is described as

reciprocal determinism.

A(n) ________ is any agent that causes a birth defect.

teratogen

According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following is true of self-actualizers?

They maintain a capacity for breathtaking moments of spiritual insight.

In the context of the Five Factor Model of personality, conscientiousness refers to

being reliable, hard working, and dependable.

Alex is shy and keeps to himself most of the time. Alex would score low on what trait?

extraversion

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to young children's

inability to take another person's perspective.

According to Maslow, self-actualization is possible

only after the needs relating to esteem, safety, physiology, and love have been met.

If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple repetitions but it doesn't accurately measure intelligence, then the test is ________ but not ________.

reliable; valid

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, before a person can feel safe, he needs to

satisfy his physiological needs.

Which of the following illustrates the defense mechanism of reaction formation?

A person applies for a job but the employer chooses someone else. The person says, "I didn't want that job anyway."

People's decisions are likely to be biased because they tend to seek out and listen to others whose views confirm their views while they avoid those with dissenting views. This is a characteristic of

Confirmation Bias

Which of the following is true of the id?

It works on the pleasure principle and seeks pleasure.

Which of the following is true? a. Lev Vygotsky stressed the importance of supporting the cognitive development of children through helping them with tasks just above their level of mastery, a concept called scaffolding. b. Lev Vygotsky developed the WAIS IV intelligence test. c. Lev Vygotsky focused on individual cognitive development and did not believe interaction with others was important. d. Lev Vygotsky developed the Hierarchy of Needs.

Lev Vygotsky stressed the importance of supporting the cognitive development of children through helping them with tasks just above their level of mastery, a concept called scaffolding.

Annie, a 20-year-old, is in Erikson's psychosocial development stage of intimacy vs. isolation. Which of the following statements is true of Annie at this particular stage?

She will form meaningful relationships, or she will become socially segregated from others.

Which of the following is true of the Rorschach inkblot test?

The test does not meet certain criteria of reliability and validity.

A client is asked by her therapist to look at a picture and to tell a story that describes what she thinks is happening in the picture. The therapist will use the content of the story to make inferences about the client's personality. The client is likely taking the

Thematic Apperception Test.

According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals

adjust their schemas to new information.

A 13-year-old breaks up with his first girlfriend, and he is very upset. No one can console him, because he believes that no one else has ever been hurt as badly as he has. The boy's beliefs are consistent with

adolescent egocentrism.

A(n) ________ is a strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem.

algorithm

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, establishing ________ is the key challenge of adolescence.

an identity

According to George Bonanno, ________is a pattern of grief in which a traumatic grief experience leads to a long-term disruption of functioning in important life domains.

chronic dysfunction

According to self-determination theory, what are the three basic organismic needs?

competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Which of the following is true? a. An intelligence quotient of 100 represents an average IQ. b. One criticism of intelligence tests is that they are not culture-fair. c. Both nature (genes) and nurture (experience/environment) influence intelligence. d. All of the above are true.

d. All of the above are true.

According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following occupations would most likely require bodily-kinesthetic intelligence?

dancers

A(n) ________ is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.

drive

Motivated behavior is

energized, directed, and sustained.

Children of permissive parents

fail to learn respect for others and have difficulty controlling their behavior.

Which of the following describes the trait of a critical thinker?

grasping the deeper meaning of ideas

Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. She holds that individuals are capable of controlling their lives and achieving their goals. Brittney is most likely to agree with the ________ of personality.

humanistic perspective

Harry Harlow's research illustrated that

infants need warm social interaction to survive and develop and that contact comfort is crucial to attachment.

Courtney reads psychology books because she is fascinated by the subject. She really enjoys learning about new approaches to psychology. In this scenario, Courtney is being driven by

intrinsic motivation.

Gender identity

is a person's inner concept of themselves in relation to the ideas of being male, female, both, or neither.

The MMPI II

is the most widely used personality test and can detect if a person is attempting to answer the questions in a socially desirable way.

Christos is an insecure individual. He tends to be anxious, stressed, and moody. According to the five-factor model of personality, Christos is likely to score high on

neuroticism.

A parenting style wherein very few limits or boundaries are set and ample freedom is given to children most likely indicates a(n) ________ parenting style.

permissive

A prototype is a

representation of the average or ideal member for a concept.

The final step in the problem-solving process is

rethinking and redefining problems and solutions over time.

Marie visits her neighbor's house along with her 7-month-old son, Noah. When she places Noah on the floor of her neighbor's house, he crawls away from her and starts exploring nearby objects. However, he occasionally glances at Marie to ensure that she is close by. In the context of socioemotional development, which of the following concepts is exemplified by Noah's behavior?

secure attachment

According to Freud, the ________ is reflected in what we often call conscience and evaluates the morality of our behavior.

superego

The fact that we hear about airplane crashes on news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane than a car. This is an example of

the availability heuristic.

Self-efficacy refers to

the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task.

Infant attachment is

the close emotional bond between an infant and his or her caregiver.

According to Carl Rogers, to reconnect with one's true feelings and desires, one should experience a relationship that includes empathy, genuineness, and

unconditional positive regard.