Psychology Exam 1

Knowing baseball could help one effectively encode parts of a neuron for an exam.

True, But it means the person MUST know baseball well.

Both Freud and Jung believed in the importance of the unconscious.

True, But they viewed the concept very differently. Freud: personal unconscious; Jung: collective unconscious

Recoding is a type of chunking.

True, Chunking: Using the first letter of each to-be-remembered item to provide new meaningfulness to the items.

Benson and Hedges eliminated humans from their ad campaign in the late 20th century in an attempt to change people's attitudes toward cigarette smoking (and to get people to buy their product).

True, Getting people to laugh at such a serious topic was a different ploy than was currently in use at the time.

Skinner denied the concept of personality because he believed we are all simply conditioned by reinforcers and punishers in our environment.

True, He also denied the concept of "free will"--which made him controversial in his own time period.

African violets could be used to treat depression.

True, Milton Erickson used this method in one of his case studies.

Reinforcers can be either primary (meeting innate needs) or secondary (something that can be exchanged for primary or other secondary reinforcers.

True, Money and grades are SECONDARY reinforcers!

Correlations can be negative or positive and strong (e.g., + .98) or weak (e.g., + .15).

True, Stonger--closer to 1; NO correlation--0. Researchers hope for stronger correlations, regardless of being positive or negative.

Most advertising relies on the peripheral route (requiring little or no thought) when they prepare ads for their products.

True, The Central route requires lots of thought on the part of the observer/listener.

Freud used many cases studies in his practice as a physician. Case studies are still used in psychology.

True, They are still used and reported in the professional literature. But they have limited value as we cannot generalize findings from one participant to others.

Csikszentmihalyi is a co-founder of the positive psychology movement.

True, along with martin seligman

IDEAL is a mnemonic for the steps involved in Problem Solving.

True, and mnemonics make a great way to prepare for exams

A Token Economy involves using tokens (for example, points on a chart) that can be exchanged for something reinforcing to the individual.

True, and when used correctly they can be highly effective at increasing desired behaviors

Although experts say it is the most neglected step, the final step in problem solving involves looking back (i.e., evaluating).

True, experts say most people never engage in this step

Thorndike conducted a study with cats (that were very hungry) and a puzzle box that enhanced our understanding of learned behaviors.

True, it remains a highly cited study to this day

Miller suggested that most people can comfortably process 5 to 9 units of new incoming information.

True, the famous millers magical 7 plus or minus 2

Which of the following is an accurate statement?

Until recently, knowledge of the brain was limited to studies of brains that had been damaged.

A co-worker has introduced Sally to Larry. Sally learns that Larry is the head librarian at the local library and that he is involved in local politics. Larry later calls Sally and asks Sally if she would like to attend an upcoming concert with him. In spite of the fact that Sally enjoys the group that will be performing, and even though she admits that Larry is physically attractive and an interesting conversationalist, she refused to go out with him. When her co-worker learns about the situation and asks why she turned down the date, Sally said, "Oh, I am just not interested in dating someone who is an introvert." It sounds as though Sally has

Used a representativeness heuristic in making her decision.

Renee needs to learn the order of the planets with respect to distance from the sun. Her mother recently took a memory course and told her daughter that she should envision Mercury as a giant bun, Venus shaped like a shoe, and Earth shaped like a tree. She taught her daughter how to do the same with the remaining planets. It sounds as though Renee's mother is familiar with

Visual imagery, This can be a very powerful encoding device to enhance the likelihood of retrieval, including information stored for exam purposes.

According to the text, on February 25, 2015, "a firestorm on social media" (p. 142) occurred because of a posting that asked

What color is the dress?

Hyman et al. (2010) conducted a study that examined whether the use of cell phones contribute to inattentional blindness. They found that

75% of students talking on a phone failed to notice a clown on a unicycle that passed by them.

Psychology majors who get a bachelor's degree in psychology can call themselves all but which of the following?

A psychologist

Charlotte is soft-hearted, trusting, and helpful. Based on your knowledge of the Big Five Factor Model of personality, you can assume that Charlotte would have high levels of being

Agreeable

In Lecture, we will discuss the use of metaphors as a part of problem solving. Analogies involve

Applying the solution used in a previous problem to the current problem, Analogies and metaphors have long been recognized as important in science.

A well-known series of studies in the field of psychology involved pre-school children watching an adult model aggress on a Bobo doll and observing whether children then imitate the behaviors at a later time. Who conducted these studies?

Bandura, The studies involve social learning or observational learning and are still important to this day!

Lanelle owns a ring with a very small gap in it. Her friends rarely perceive the gap, however. Their ability to see this incomplete circle as being intact can best be attributed to the perceptual process of

Closure

The behaviorists strongly objected to the methods used by the psychoanalysts and others interested in the study of the mind. Which of the following is not associated with John Watson?

Dream analysis, This is Freud or Jung; Watson objected to any study of mentalistic processes

Across the semester we will discuss the structuralists and compare their ideas to those of the functionalists. Which of the following individuals promoted structuralism and the use of introspection as the most effective means for understanding humans?

Edward Titchener, Wundt was Titchener's mentor in Germany.

You tell me that you went to my favorite restaurant recently and I ask you what you ate. You tell me that you had Florentine pizza. Your ability to recall this information is due to the use of

Explicit memory, you must search for the information at a conscious level

Tammy spent an entire Sunday afternoon teaching her cat Sandy to roll over by saying "roll" and then giving the cat a treat. Unfortunately, her parrot Jeff overheard the procedure and said, "Roll" all the next day while Tammy was at school. When she returned home in the afternoon, Tammy excitedly said, "Roll" but the cat just walked away. This lack of desired response (i.e., rolling) is most likely due to the fact that

Extinction has occurred.

Freud has now been dismissed as being unimportant to the history and development of psychology.

False

Jung believed everyone is extraverted at birth.

False, But he did believe people could exhibit both extraverted and introverted traits.

Experimental studies tell us how strong the correlation is between two factors.

False, Correlational studies are much different from experimental studies!

Mary Whiton Calkins was granted a PhD after defending her graduate thesis at Harvard.

False, Harvard never awarded her the PhD

Skinner actually became quite wealthy because he sold so many air cribs after the 1945 Ladies Home Journal article was published.

False, He became quite controversial--but not at all rich!

Hering introduced the trichromatic theory of color vision in the mid-20th century.

False, Hering is associated with opponent process theory. The trichromatic theory is credited to Young-Helmholtz

The method of loci has been found to be ineffective.

False, It is highly effective--but practice helps one to perfect the method.

Titchener's first graduate student was William James.

False, It was Margaret Floy Washburn; he supported women getting a PhD in spite of his own sexists attitudes about women.

In my example, MILK was in the CHAIR.

False, Milk-fireplace; Sugar-Chair

Short-term memory is defined as failing to remember an answer to a question on exam for which you studied last night.

False, No! New incoming information from Sensory Memory must be processed within 15 to 30 seconds or it is lost forever.

Most historians consider Freud to be the "father" of psychology.

False, Nope. It's Wundt. In spite of my repeatedly mentioning this, there are usually some who miss this on the major exam.

In the penny demonstration, it was stated that almost everyone knows the answer to all the 5 questions asked about a penny.

False, Only ONE person (thus far) has ever gotten all of the correct and he was a coin collector.

Pavlov won the Nobel Prize due to his discovery of classical conditioning.

False, That discovery was serendipitous. He won the Nobel Prize for his work on the digestive system of dogs as it related to innate, survival behaviors.

The simplest form of learning involves instincts.

False, habituation is the simplest form of learning

The third step in problem solving involves acting on selected strategies.

False, idEal: explore strategies

When people see a triangle that is incomplete, they still see (state they see) a triangle because of the Law of Familiarity.

False, it is because the law of closure

The trichromatic theory of color says that red, green, and yellow are needed to perceive all other colors.

False, its red, green, and blue

The adolescent who made her bed finally did so because mom kept nagging and she was tired of hearing it.

False, mom had nagged for a very long time and the adolescent had habituated to it and ignored her completely

John Watson was the first person to discover classical conditioning.

False, that was Pavlov with the dogs

John Watson wanted to become a novelist before finally choosing "scientific psychology" to continue his graduate studies.

False, that was skinner

Little Albert was nearly six years old when Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted the study with him

False. He was only 11 months old when the actual study began. He was just over 9 months old when they first encountered him.

Later in the semester, we will discuss the existential psychologists who believe that each individual must find meaning in order to live a fulfilling life. According to Csikszentmihalyi (1990), optimal states of life can be found through the process of

Flow

You have a friend who does not believe in divorce. However, things are not going well in her marriage. After explaining the numerous problems involved in her relationship, your friend asks you for advice about whether she should stay in her current relationship. You suggest that she focus on the ways in which her partner improves her life. You are trying to get your friend to use which of the following in her decision making process?

Framing

The humanists (e.g., Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow) believed that the behaviorists took a view of human life that was too mechanistic. The cognitivists also objected to strict behaviorism. Which of the following is considered to be a cognitivist?

George Miller

Which of the following is not associated with William James?

He invented the air crib. This was skinner

If you are playing a game of chess, you might try to analyze all of the possible moves and then pick the best one, but there are just too many; so you will probably use a strategy such as "protect the king". Such fast and efficient "rules of thumb" are known as

Heuristics

Both Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers will refer to "self-actualizing". They will use the terms differently but their ideas are based on which of the following approaches to understanding motivation?

Humanistic

Five-year-old Andrea hit her baby brother because he took away one of her toys. When the baby began to cry, Andrea's mother came into the room and specifically asked Andrea if she had made her brother cry. Andrea looked very innocent and replied, "No, Mommy. I've been really good." Andrea's mother then hugged her, smiled, and said, "You are such a good girl!" Andrea's mother has

Inadvertently reinforced hitting and lying. Parents frequently reinforce unwanted behaviors (and actually punish desired behaviors)... although that is not their intentions.

Dr. Thomas plans to use the TAT to assess her client's personality. It is most likely that she expects to find information about all but which of the following?

Levels of self-efficacy

Some of you may be a "cat person" (like your teacher) or you may prefer dogs. However, because you have been exposed to cats and dogs in the past, you are able to effectively categorize images of cats and dogs based on all but which of the following?

Means-end analysis

Kara has stayed out past curfew one too many times. Her parents believe in using an authoritative method of parenting. Thus, they have rules that, when broken, have consequences. Her parents have told her that she cannot use the internet for the next month. In order to change Kara's behaviors, her parents have used

Negative punishment, this is a type of "time out"

In a few weeks, we will discuss memory devices that help students more effectively encode and retrieve information. The authors of your text used a mnemonic device to help students remember the factors in the Big Five Model of personality. Which mnemonic did they use?

OCEAN

We will discuss Freud several times across the semester relative to his importance in the field of psychology. Which of the following is not associated with Freud?

Observable behaviors, This was advocated by Watson in 1913 and would also be advocated later by Skinner

Jack is three months of age. According to Freud, he is most likely in what stage of development?

Oral

Relative to multitasking, which of the following is an inaccurate statement?

People who text while driving compensate by looking at the road more often.

Young Timothy finds that when ever he cries, he receives a lot of attention from his grandmother. Now he cries a lot more when his grandmother comes over. It seems that his grandmother has unintentionally

Positively reinforced crying. Attention is a powerful positive reinforcer.

I have a friend who is an expert drummer. He is able to effectively play drums while simultaneously carrying on a conversation about an exhibit he saw at Crystal Bridges Museum. His ability to play the drums mostly involves the use of what type of memory?

Procedural, this involves how to memories. we have many memories including scripts encoded as procedural memories

The view that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains is involved in

Prospect theory

G. Stanley Hall was a contemporary of William James. Hall brought Freud (and Carl Jung) to the United States in 1909. Which of the following is associated with Freud?

Psychoanalytic Theory

Lara's boyfriend of three years has just broken up with her. She went home and grabbed a teddy bear she got when she was three and curled up into a fetal position and cried. According to Freud, Lara is engaging in a defense mechanism known as

Regression, It is one that occurs in both children and adults as an ego defense mechanism.

In an old Andy Griffith episode, Barney the deputy, shows some inkblots to one of the prisoners, hoping to rehabilitate him. When the prisoner states that he sees "a bat", Barney tells him that he should be seeing "a butterfly". Although Barney certainly was not a licensed psychologist, he was attempting to use which of the following?

Rorschach

My cat, Buddy, had often been fed canned food with a pop-open lid. Therefore, Buddy would come running any time I opened such a can, even if I was opening a can of corn (which he will not eat). Recently, the vet decided Buddy was just too heavy for his age and activity level (which is very low, given sleeping does not count as being "active") and put him on a diet of dry food only (and he was NOT at all happy!). If I continue to use the dry food only, eventually Buddy will

Run to the kitchen when ever he hears the sound of the sack rattling

As part of a class room demonstration, the teacher is reading a list of digits as a test of memory span. If the students are like most people, they will probably recall how many digits?

Seven, this is within the range of millers 7 plus or minus 2 digits held comfortably in working memory

Carl Jung believed in the collective unconscious. A contemporary of his, however, believed that defense mechanisms operate at an unconscious level. This person was

Sigmund Freud. Freud and Jung would be remain friends for years, until their ideas became so radically different. Freud did NOT tolerate dissent--from anyone, according to his biographers.

A woman gave up all caffeine (including eating chocolate) while she was pregnant. After the birth of her child, she decided hat she would continue to leave caffeine out of her daily diet. Recently, she has been going through a difficult time at work. One day, after a very unpleasant disagreement with her supervisor, she had an overwhelming desire for a strong cup of coffee, even though she had not had coffee in nearly 15 months. The re-appearance of this craving is an example of

Spontaneous recovery.

Six-year-old Larry has a neighbor who is two years older and who tends to bully Larry every morning as they walk to school. The older child frequently wears a t-shirt with the logo of his favorite baseball team. Now, when Larry's father wears his baseball cap with the same team logo, Larry experiences fear at the sight of the cap. This example sounds as though Larry has experienced

Stimulus generalization, this is a powerful component of classical conditioning

Which of the following is a projective personality measure?

TAT

Which of the following is based on an illusion?

The sun will set at 5:56 tomorrow evening.

A reflex is a type of innate behavior.

True

According to Freud, displacement is an ego defense mechanism.

True

According to Maslow, the highest level of the hierarchy of needs involves self-actualization.

True

Although Aristotle was interested in how we process information, it was the Gestaltists who elaborated on the Laws of Organization in the early 20th century.

True

Aversive conditioning is used in a variety of therapeutic settings to help people dealing with problematic behaviors.

True

Erickson once treated a woman with depression by having her continue to grow African violets and give them away as gifts.

True

Flow has characteristics that seem to relate to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

True

Francis Cecil Sumner was the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology.

True

Freud believed dreams have both manifest and latent content.

True

In the dalmatian example, if you saw a dalmatian it is because you are already familiar with this type of dog.

True

In the demonstration in which people are asked to observe the environment, most people tend notice iconic (visual) or echoic (auditory) stimuli.

True

Kenneth Clark was elected as the first African American President of the APA.

True

Many behaviors exhibited in the daily lives of humans have been acquired through classical conditioning.

True

Mary Whiton Calkins became the first female President of the APA.

True

One of the examples used in the lecture for "perception is reality" involved a 1938 Halloween night radio broadcast of War of the Worlds.

True

Peg word involves rhyming words to indicate serial position.

True

Sensations involve the activation of sensory receptors when then sends the raw data to higher centers of the brain for interpretation.

True

The Gestaltists emphasized a variety of Laws of Organization.

True

The mole on Marilyn Monroe's cheek had the Mercedes logo embedded for an ad campaign.

True

The person that invented the air crib was B. F. Skinner.

True

The persona is the side of our personality we show to others.

True

The self is a highly effective encoding device.

True

Titchener was a student of Wundt's and established the school of Structualism at Cornell University.

True

Wundt established the first psychology lab in 1879 in Germany.

True

Experimental studies include independent and dependent variables.

True, AND they can provide information about causation (i.e., Factor B CAUSED a change in Factor A).

Mary Wollstonecraft wrote the first feminist manifesto based on John Locke's ideas about Tabula Rasa.

True, And she was the mother of Mary Shelley (of Frankenstein fame).

Mamie Phipps Clark and her husband Kenneth Clark conducted studies (1939, 1940) that impacted the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education court case.

True, And their work is still taught in psychology and sociology classes.

Siegel and colleagues conducted studies with rats in which they injected the rats with heroin in a setting that was novel or a setting to which the rats had previously been exposed. Based on the research findings from this (and other similar) studies, it may be that human addicts

Will be more likely to overdose if they shoot up in a novel setting after tolerance develops, Correlational data support this theory, as (obviously) one cannot test this experimentally with humans.

Lacy is a third grade student who claims that she does not like math and absolutely refuses to even attempt the daily math work sheet in class. In order to increase the number of problems Lacy attempts to solve, her teacher tells her that she will get ten minutes of extra computer time if she will work on the problems on the math sheet. Lacy loves computer time. Initially, the teacher puts Lacy on an FR1 schedule Thus, you know that Lacy

Will get computer time after each math problem she works. A continous schedule of reinforcement is NOT the most effective schedule, however. Once the desired behavior is displayed, a variable schedule will be much more effective at maintaining the behavior.

You are listening to a message left on your voicemail. The caller has left a very important number for you. As you search for a pen, what type of memory allows you to rehearse the number in order to keep it in mind until you can write it down?

Working

Which of the following is credited by most historians with the official emergence of psychology away from philosophy into the domain of science?

Wundt, established the lab in 1870

Imagine that you and a friend have witnessed an accident between a white Ford truck and a red Chevy truck. Afterwards, while discussing what was seen, your friend describes the event such that the Ford was red and the Chevy was white. If you are like many participants in research on eyewitness testimony memory, when questioned at some future date

Your memory of the event will likely be affected by his inaccurate observations, Post-event information has (repeatedly) been shown to distort information that is retrieved from memory at a later time.

Samuel and his parents are visiting the Ames room for the first time. Samuel notices that, after they enter the room, his mother appears to be much larger than his father. This is an example of

a perceptual illusion

Movies sometimes involve a change in actors during the same scene, such that Actor A is replaced by Actor B for the same character. Nevertheless, most people never notice the change at all. Failure to notice a change in the perceptual environment is known as

change blindness

The demotion of Pluto to non-planet status created a problem for teachers who had encouraged students to remember the order of the planets by saying, "My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas". Nonetheless, this type of memory device involves

chunking

Sparrow and colleagues (2011) suggested that the use of Google may impact memory retrieval, but it can be compared to sharing memories with family, friends, and co-workers. This type of memory is known as

collaborative memory, The loss of a memory "partner" (through death, someone moving, divorce, etc) can certainly impact what people are able to "remember" (or "piece together").

Now middle-aged, John can still remember his successes on the football field from his high school playing days. He is also more than willing to share these memories with his friends and family. The information that is the basis for his recollections is stored as what kind of memory?

episodic, this is autobiographical memory

If you are driving down a long highway and the lines in the distance appear to be merging, it is due to Perceptual Ambiguity.

false

The vase/face example in the text is an example of

figure and ground

Maria was recently defrosting her small refrigerator and wished she had an ice scraper to make the job easier. She looked around her office and saw a letter opener with a long, pointed end. She found that it worked great in helping dislodge the ice. This example indicates Maria's ability to overcome

functional fixedness, the more creative one is, the more likely to overcome functional fixedness

Consider the word Razorbacks. If you were asked to use an elaborative encoding technique (e.g., semantic encoding) to remember this word, you should

relate the word to the name of a sports team

All cats are complex. Missy is not complex. Missy is not a cat. These statements are involved in reasoning based on a/an

syllogism, FYI young children have problems processing syllogisms that do not match reality

In the early days of cognitive psychology, which of the following was used as a metaphor for the mind?

the computer

Repeated exposure to a statement increases the likelihood that people will judge a statement to be true involves

the illusory truth effect

In several of my classes, I ask students to connect nine dots with four straight lines, without lifting their pencil. Some are unable to solve the problem. The Gestaltists would explain that the inability to solve the problem is due to

the law of proximity

According to the authors of the text, people tend to believe there are more women in Figure 9.9 because the women's names are famous. In a study conducted by Tversky and Kahneman (1973), participants tended to believe that more words start with the letter "k" when, in fact, more words have the letter "k" in the third position. The researchers concluded that the findings were due to

the use of availability bias, the use of a "rule of thumb" (heuristic) such as the availability bias is often used to solve problems as it requires little thought

When sense receptors convert physical signals from the environment into neural signals that are sent to the central nervous system, which of the following has occurred?

transduction

The vase/face example is a type of Reversible Figure Ground.

true