Psychology Exam 2

Capacity for short term memory is (number(s)). The unit of measurement is best described as:

7 5 to 9 5-9 7+ -2 seven plus or two minus 7 plus or minus 2 five to nine chunks chunk

Which of the following best describes a flashbulb memory?

A person will have greater memory of some momentous and emotional event

Hodor from Game of Thrones can only speak a single, ungrammatical sentence. Groot from Guardians of the Galaxy can also only say a single phrase "I am Groot." The classic case study from the 1800s was a guy who could only say Tan. What would their common diagnosis be?

Aphasia

Amanda is raising her first son, Stanley, on her own. The child is very comfortable and at ease in his mother's presence, but when she is gone he gets tense and looks for her. Amanda provides Stanley with care, protection, and support. She is serving as a(n) ________ to the baby.

Attachement figure

__________ are systematic and predictable mistakes that influence judgment and decision making.

Biases

Radhika is visiting japan for the first time. She is attempting to learn the names of the food, eat with chop sticks, and pay attention to the etiquette of the meal. She is using ___________.

Bottom-Up processing

The sense of smell is sometimes referred to as a "chemical sense" because __________.

Chemical stimuli are transformed into electrical signals

"________ ground" refers to the information that is shared by people who engage in conversation. It allows for communication between speaker and listener to make coherent sense to both parties.

Common

Anna is telling Joy all about Maya's recent engagement. Because they share _______________, Anna assumes that Joy knows a little about Maya and George and doesn't need to tell about who they are. If Anna were speaking to someone else, she may need to include more details.

Common ground

The term short term memory applies to information held for

Less than one minute

Caleb uses the words "sofa" "soda" and "dinner" instead of "couch" "soft drink" and "supper." When the others in the conversations use the same words, the people talking have adopted the same

Lexicon

The nerves that are responsible for converting tactile stimuli into electrical signals that the brain can understand are called __________ receptors.

Mechano

Odorants bind with olfactory receptors in the ______________.

Olfactory Epithelium

According to Lofts' research on eyewitness testimony which of the following would you most likely expect to happen when a person witnesses a car accident?

People will offer biased reports of the event because they are susceptible to misinformation and other recall problems

Although Dugan has the lower portion of his leg amputated he still sometimes feels and uncomfortable itching sensation from where his foot would be. This is an example of a _________.

Phantom limb

____________ are specialized cells that convert light into electrical signals. Ventral and Dorsal pathways

Photoreceptors, such as rods and cones

At the back of the brain is the __________ which is primarily responsible for processing information about light and movement.

Primary Visual Cortex

Gary hears the words candy, sweet, and sugar. The next thing Gary thinks is cookie. Gary has experienced:

Priming

In the serial position effect, recall for the first and last things that you've memorized is better than the middle items. What is likely to happen after some time passes before the test?

Recency disappears

Memory that is not embedded in a context is called:

Semantic Memory

Antoine responds to his mother in a way that describes an anxious-resistant attachment patterns. Based on the work of Ainsworth, what might you predict about the way Antoine's mother responded to him as an infant?

She may have been insensitive to or inconsistent in responding to his needs

Jenny's lips and fingertips are far more sensitive than her shoulders and ankles. This is an example of the way that her cortex is organized in a _______________.

Somatotopic Map

In today's society, people are often very busy-- especially executives-- causing them to trust certain ways of thinking over others. However, this can lead to many biases and make poor decisions. Which of the following is the best way to reduce bias and improve decisions?

Stop trusting system 1 and instead engage system 2 more

Bosay is at the electronics store trying to decide which new game system to buy. She takes her time, studies the features of each, and is very effortful in her decision. When she finally buys a system, she feels confident that she has made the right choice. Bosay has used ________ decision making to assist with this purchase.

System 2

Gestalt psychology is the German term for perception that best describes which of the following

The sum is greater than the parts

Light enters the eye and is converted into electrical signals that can be processed by the brain. This process is called ______________.

Transduction

Capacity for LTM is _____________.

Unlimited Infinite No limit unknown

Levi met a cute girl on the street. The girl gave Levi her number and Levi is trying to remember the digits until he can write it down when he finds a paper and pencil. Levi is using what type of memory to remember the girl's phone number?

Working memory

If a product is advertised as being "on sale" for a low price of $19.95, after being told that it was originally $99.95, your valuation of the price is influenced by

anchoring effect

At which stage does memory failure typically occur?

any stage

Episodic memory is the memory system that holds what kind of information?

autobiographical knowledge

During the lecture Wayne is busy texting on his cell phone, while kind of half paying attention to what the professor is saying. A few minutes after making a point the professor gives an pop quiz on the material. Wayne can't retrieve the information the prof gave in the lecture and does poorly on the test. A likely factor in Wayne's not being able to retrieve the information is:

encoding failure

A(n) _________ memory is a memory of an event that never actually occurred. It is implanted by experimental manipulation or other means.

false

Imagine that you are a memory researcher and want to learn about memory errors. You decide to meet with participants and ask them about the time they went camping with their family (even though they have never camped in their lives). At first, the participants are hesitant, not really remembering the camping trip (because it never happened!). However, after you show them a few Photoshopped images of them in a sleeping bag and in the forest, they begin to remember details about the trip - how the family went berry picking or that an animal tried to get into the food supply. This phenomenon is referred to as:

false memory

Wei-Tang is trying to choose between two muffins. One is advertised as 95% fat free, and the other is marketed as 5% fat. Wei-Tang chooses the first one because it sounds better, even though the fat content in both muffins is the same. What phenomenon does this most clearly illustrate?

framing effect

Cognitive strategies that simplify decision-making by using mental short cuts are called __________. They are sometimes referred to as "rules of thumb.

heuristics

The Strange Situation is an experimental method for measuring attachment that

may be influenced by temperamental differences of the infant

Some people have amazing and elaborate memory processes that allow them to remember a large amount of information in a short amount of time. Often, these individuals are said to use ______________, or elaborate scenes with discrete places, to help them encode and recall information at a rapid rate.

memory palaces

Our experiences that directly impact our brain though neural processes are referred to as:

memory traces/engrams

At your old apartment, you had to take out the trash every Friday. However, at your new apartment, the trash comes on Wednesdays. Now, you can never seem to remember to take the trash out in time (you keep thinking it needs to be taken out on Friday). This is an example of what type of forgetting?

proactive interference

The ___________hypothesis suggests that humans have developed larger brains in order to better maintain large in-groups

social brain

Hearing occurs, in part, when sound waves reach the "eardrum" or ________

tympanic membrane

Your drive to school each day is pretty standard - you start your car, take the same route, and park in the same spot (or close to the same spot). One day, you are sitting at a red light when you witness a high speed car chase - complete with cops, a helicopter, and news vans. Even years later, you can recall lots of details from that drive. Which memory concept is associated with why you will remember that particular drive to school?

Distinctivness

Julee's mom has noticed that her daughter has been especially good at resisting the cookies in the kitchen so she doesn't spoil her dinner each night. Julee knows if she can wait until after dinner she can eat two cookies. This successful experience of motivated self-regulation can also be referred to as what?

Effortful control

Sound quality can be divided into amplitude, timbre and pitch. Pitch is determined by the __________ of the sound waves.

Frequency

Joseph is very focused on counting the number of acorns that have fallen from a tree in his front yard. He is concentrating so hard, in fact, that he fails to notice the obvious and important fact that there is dog poop underneath the tree as well. Failing to notice this available information leads Joseph to step in the mess. Which of the following is this an example of?

bounded awareness

Which groups would memory researchers likely say would be the most susceptible to misinformation?

children and older adults

System 2 thinking is driven by _____________ and is typically ______________.

conscious; slow

"Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally" (PEMDAS) is a popular way for math teachers to help their students remember the order of operations (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction). This is an example of:

mnemonic devices

After taking a 10 question pop quiz, John was confident that he got at least 9 questions correct. However, after grading he found that he actually only answered 6 questions correctly. John suffers from:

overconfidence

Dr. Loftus has used a false feedback manipulation to persuade subjects to falsely remember having a variety of childhood experiences. Which of the following best describes this experimental technique?

participants are deceived to believe a computer system has analyzed questionnaires they previously competed and concluded they had particular experiences years earlier

When trying to remember a list of words, a person may choose a word to which they "hang" their memories on. This type of mnemonic device is called the ___________ __________ technique.

peg word

A __________ involves giving a selection of normally small pictures of faces to eyewitnesses for the purpose of identifying a perpetrator

photo spread

Susan ate a donut even though she is on a diet because they were at the morning meeting and she had skipped breakfast. Susan demonstrated bounded __________; the argument that we give greater weight to our immediate concerns, even when they are in opposition to our long-term goals.

willpower