Psychology Exam 2 Review
As heritability is a proportion, the highest degree of heritability is ________ percent.
100
A child with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 12 has an IQ of
75
________ refers to the tendency for two vivid stimuli, when they occur together, to become linked erroneously in memory.
Illusory correlation
What is the primary disadvantage of using algorithms?
Solutions may take a long time
Soccer players are expected to congratulate and shake hands with the opposing team, even when their team loses the game. This is an example of
a display rule
Mindfulness means
being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities
Most individuals develop a clear understanding of their language's structure, as well as a large vocabulary, during
childhood
The work of Harry Harlow established that
contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process
The free-radical theory states that aging is caused by
damage to DNA
Which of the following is true of elaboration in memory?
elaboration can occur at any level of processing
Which of the following is the first step in the problem-solving process?
find and frame problems
Motivation for sexual behavior is centered in the
hypothalamus
________ is a language's sound system.
phonology
At the preconventional level of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on
punishments or rewards
According to self-determination theory, competence motivation involves
self-efficacy and mastery
A person's knowledge about the world is known as ________ memory
semantic
In the context of cognition and emotion, Zajonc famously argued
that preferences need no inferences
Infinite generativity refers to
the ability to create an unlimited number of meaningful sentences
The ________ is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating.
ventromedial hypothalamus
Which of the following is true of ventromedial hypothalamus?
when this area of an animal's brain is destroyed, the animal eats profusely and quickly becomes obese
You have to study four chapters of information for your next test. If you decide to use the problem-solving strategy of subgoaling, which of the following would you most likely do?
you would break the topics to be studied into smaller areas and focus on each in an organized sequence
You go to a hypnotist to help you quit smoking. The hypnotist asks you to remember and describe things that you did differently before you started smoking. Which memory system will you use most to comply with this request?
your episodic memory system
Jacob notices a snake slithering up the river bank while he is fishing. The thalamus of Jacob's brain immediately stimulates his autonomic nervous system, which, in turn, increases the rate of his breathing and heartbeat. At the same time, Jacob's brain sends signals to his cerebral cortex which causes Jacob to perceive the emotional experience of fear. Consequently, Jacob experiences both fear and the physiological changes in his body at the same time. This scenario complies with the
Cannon-Bard theory
According to the ________, after the initial perception of a stimulus, the experience of the emotion results from the perception of one's own physiological changes.
James-Lange theory
How long does information last in sensory memory?
a fraction of a second to several seconds
A 13-year-old breaks up with his first girlfriend and he is very upset. No one can console him, because he believes that no one else has ever been hurt as badly as he has. The boy's beliefs are consistent with
adolescent egocentrism
According to Maslow, self-actualization is possible
after needs relating to esteem, safety, physiology, and love have been met
Alyssa just won the lottery. According to the concept of the hedonic treadmill
alyssa will experience a short-term high from her win but her happiness will eventually return back to its set point
In the U.S., intelligence is defined as
an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience
According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, establishing ________ is the key challenge of adolescence.
an identity
Which of the following is true of an individual suffering from obesity?
an obese individual has to eat more to feel satisfied
Lucy sustained a brain injury in a car accident. Although Lucy's memories of her life before the accident are intact, she is no longer able to form new, long-term memories. Every night when she goes to bed, her memories of what she had done that day are lost. Lucy suffers from
anterograde amnesia
When individuals engage in a behavior for some external payoff or to avoid a punishment, they
are extrinsically motivated
In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult because many real-life problems
are ill defined or vague
The fact that we hear about airplane crashes on the news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane than a car. This is an example of a(n)
availability heuristic
Recognizing problems involves
being aware of and open to experiences
Which of the following indicates cognition in early adulthood?
being more realistic
According to ________, as we age our cells become less capable of dividing.
cellular-clock theory
Which of the following statements is true of Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory?
children enter a level of cognitive sophistication by learning important aspects of their culture
Which of the following is an example of a cognitive process?
cindy, a 20 year-old student, who imagines herself as the governor of Florida
Richard Lazarus believed in the primacy of thinking. What does this mean?
cognitive activity is a precondition for emotion
________ are differences between individuals that stem not necessarily from their ages but from the historical period and society in which they were born and developed.
cohort effects
Which of the following correctly differentiates between sensory memory and short-term memory
compared with sensory memory, short-term memory is limited in capacity
According to self-determination theory, what are the three basic organismic needs?
competence, autonomy, and relatedness
________ are mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics.
concepts
Most children successfully acquire conservation skills during the ________ stage of cognitive development.
concrete operational
A child decides to steal a small item from a neighborhood store in order to be accepted into the Hawk Club. The child reasons that the stealing behavior is acceptable because it is what his friends expect of him. According to Kohlberg, this child is operating at the ________ level.
conventional
Katie bought a few t-shirts from a garage sale. While purchasing them, she tried her best to bargain as she knew the seller was charging her a higher price for every t-shirts compared to the others. After reaching home, she found that there was an extra t-shirts in her bag for which she did not pay. As her mother had taught her to return things that did not belong to her, Katie went back to the store and returned the extra t-shirts. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Katie belongs to the ________ level of moral development.
conventional
According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, ________ intelligence predominantly involves the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine.
creative
Carlos believes that all of the people from another part of his town are snobs. He believes that the students from this area are rich and drive expensive sports cars to school. He is scheduled to perform with a few of these students in an all-county musical presentation. If he assumes that these particular students will also be rich and snobby, he is using
deductive reasoning
Your roommate argues that computers can perform several complex tasks better and more accurately than humans. You counter her argument by mentioning that computers cannot ________, a task that only humans have the means to perform
develop new learning goals
Which of the following is true with regard to development?
development is the product of nature, nurture, and the complex interaction of the two
Chloe is a baby who cries a lot. She does not eat or sleep on a regular schedule and she often has difficulty adapting to new experiences. Psychologists would say that Chloe's temperament can be described as
difficult
Lionel is a CEO of a company that is in financial crisis. He asks his employees to brainstorm and create a list of all possible solutions to keeping the company in business. Lionel is asking his employees to engage in
divergent thinking
The ability to listen to music while reading a magazine indicates
divided attention
A(n) ________ is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need
drive
A(n) ________ is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.
drive
The concept of ________ pertains to a psychological state, whereas ________ involves a physiological state
drive/need
Which of the following is true of the drive reduction theory?
drives do not always follow from needs
Tanya, a 14-year-old girl, thinks that she is unique and assumes that others at school notice everything about her. She is very confident and takes extra care of her looks. In this scenario, Tanya is exhibiting adolescent
egocentrism
In the course of prenatal development, by the end of the ________ period, the heart begins to beat, the arms and legs become more differentiated, the face starts to form, and the intestinal tract appears in human beings.
embryonic
Recent research on prosocial behavior has found that
empathic parenting is related to more prosocial behavior in children
Samantha tells Ava, her friend, that she should use imagery when studying. In the context of the science of memory, this tip will be most useful to Ava when she is ________ information
encoding
Motivated behavior is
energized, directed, and sustained
According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, ________ is the best way to build an infant's sense of trust.
engaging in establishing a sense that the world is a predictable and safe place
Jillian was in a car accident and sustained a serious head trauma. Since the surgery, she has forgotten her name, career, and other vital information about herself. Yet, she is still able to talk, know what words mean, and have general knowledge about the world, such as what day it is or who currently is the president of the U.S. This behavior suggests that Jillian's ________ is impaired, but her ________ is still functioning
episodic memory/semantic memory
Developing a criterion for determining the effectiveness of the solution occurs during which step of the problem-solving process?
evaluation of solutions
What is the correct order of the human sexual-response pattern?
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
The Cannon-Bard theory predicts that after witnessing a shocking event, a person will
experience physical and emotional reactions simultaneously
Annie's mother pays her $5 for every book she reads. Annie is reading like crazy, not because she loves books, but rather because she enjoys spending her money on candy and toys. Annie is demonstrating ________ motivation.
extrinsic
When an individual studies specifically to avoid his or her parent's disapproval, then the individual's attitude toward studying is most likely a result of
extrinsic motivation
A professor conducts an experiment in which she asks her students to either hold a pen between their teeth or hold a pen between their lips. Holding the pen between one's teeth mimicked the facial expression of smiling. After five minutes, she finds that the students who held the pen beneath their teeth reported being happier than those who held it between their lips. These results most likely will support the
facial feedback hypothesis
Children of permissive parents
fail to learn respect for others and have difficulty controlling their behavior
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the ability to think about things that are not concrete, make predictions, and use logic to come up with hypotheses about the future is attained during the ________ stage.
formal operational
Jason is working on an experiment during his science class and is following a procedure to systematically analyze the outcome. Jason is most likely in the ________ stage of cognitive development.
formal operational
Which of the following describes the trait of a critical thinker?
grasping the deeper meaning of ideas
Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
grief unfolds in four patterns—George Bonanno
Many psychologists believe that the facial expressions of human beings
have strong biological ties
A person's daily mood gives him feedback on the effectiveness of his self-regulation. This means that
he will feel good or bad depending on how he is doing in the areas of life he values
Which of the following is true of algorithms and heuristics for solving real-life problems?
heuristics are shortcut strategies
________ is the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome. It is sometimes referred to as the "I-knew-it-all-along effect."
hindsight bias
Dan walks out of an air-conditioned room into the heat of a summer day, and after sometime his body releases excess heat by sweating. This is due to the body's tendency to maintain
homeostasis
The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state, is known as
homeostasis
According to Noam Chomsky, the fact that children all over the world acquire language at the same time indicates that
human beings are prewired to learn language at a certain time
In the context of human sexual-response pattern, which of the following is true of the resolution phase?
in this phase, males enter a refractory period during which they cannot have another
Which of the following is usually a trait of creative thinkers?
inner motivation
Which of the following is the final stage of Erikson's socioemotional development?
integrity vs. despair
Identify the true statement about extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.
intrinsic motivation is believed to lead to more positive outcomes than extrinsic motivation
The sense of ________ is the most dangerous aspect of adolescent egocentrism.
invincibility
Which of the following statements is true of inductive reasoning?
it involves forming opinions based on prior experiences
Which of the following is a feature of the deepest level of processing in memory?
it involves thinking about the meaning of a stimulus
Which of the following is true of the term "levels of processing" in memory?
it refers to a continuum of memory processing
Which of the following would suggest that you feel happy because you are laughing?
james-Lange theory
Which of the following situations indicates resilience that characterizes development in adulthood?
jonathan, who did not get good grades in middle school, studies hard in high school and gets a scholarship at an Ivy League university
Larry and Carol are tested twice on moral reasoning. When Kohlberg's measures are used, Carol gets a lower score than Larry. When Gilligan's approach is used, both individuals score at the same level. Which of the following is likely to be a reason for this discrepancy?
kohlberg's theory is a justice perspective, while Gilligan's theory is a care perspective
________ is the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other.
lateralization
In humans, ________ concentrations have been linked with weight, body fat, and weight loss in response to dieting.
leptin
In a female embryo, what allows for the normal development of female sex organs?
low levels of androgens
One of the most important criticisms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that
many cognitive abilities emerge earlier in children than Piaget thought
According to recent research on sexual patterns of behavior in the United States
marriage and monogamy rule sexual behavior
According to Erikson, who among the following people is expressing identity confusion?
megan has suddenly isolated herself from her family and friends, after being rejected by a local music band
Evidence of the role of language in cognitive activities includes the fact that
memory is stored in the form of words
________ is an individual's level of intellectual development relative to that of others.
mental age
Cognitive psychology is the study of
mental processes
Schaie's longitudinal study of intellectual abilities showed that ________ is the period when most people reach their peak for many intellectual skills.
middle adulthood
Which of the following characteristics is essential to the process of critical thinking?
mindfulness and open-mindedness
You just ran a marathon in very hot weather and perspired heavily. According to drive reduction theory, your body will have a(n) ________ for water, which will produce a(n) ________ for water, which will lead to a(n) ________ to get water.
need; drive; motivation
The term ________ refers to emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness, whereas the term ________ refers to emotions such as joy, happiness, and interest.
negative affect/positive affect
Gary wants to lose weight by reducing his caloric intake. He eats a candy bar for breakfast instead of a bowl of cereal because the candy bar has fewer calories. Is Gary doing the right thing?
no, the candy bar will make Gary hungry sooner than if he had eaten the cereal
The locations of neural activity, called ________, are interconnected
nodes
You tried to play peek-a-boo with your six-month-old nephew, but whenever you hid your face, he would cry. You try it again three months later, and now he laughs and enjoys the game, trying to uncover your face with his hands. Your nephew has begun to develop
object permanence
Which of the following is true about the concrete operational stage of reasoning?
one important skill at this stage of reasoning is the ability to classify or divide things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelations
________ is caused by a genetic disorder.
organic intellectual disability
In the context of loss aversion, which of the following statements is true of endowment effect?
people ascribe greater value to things they already own when compared with objects owned by someone else
A major criticism of drive reduction theory is that
people often behave in ways that increase drives
Which of the following is true of the optimum arousal theory?
performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal
A parenting style wherein very few limits or boundaries are set and ample freedom is given to children most likely indicates a(n) ________ parenting style.
permissive
As other children in his school line up for lunch on the first day of kindergarten, Ben demands to be at the beginning of the line. He is most likely receiving ________ parenting.
permissive
Richie's parents let him do whatever he wants. They place no demands on him, and they place no rules or restrictions on his behavior. Richie's parents have a(n) ________ parenting style.
permissive
According to Baddeley's view of the three components of working memory, which of the following contains two separate components: an acoustic code and rehearsal?
phonological loop
According to Baddeley, the ________ is specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language
phonological loop
Which of the following is true of shallow processing in memory?
physical features are analyzed in the process of shallow processing
Which of the following statements about Piaget's theory of cognitive development is FALSE?
piaget believed that children do not play an active role in constructing their own understanding of the world but rather are passively reacting to environmental influences
Hudson works in the product-development department of a large toy company. His job is to take abstract theories of child development and implement them in functional ways so that they can be used to create a toy. According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, Hudson would most likely score high on a measure of ________ intelligence.
practical
What infant-perception research technique involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at and then looking for a reliable preference for one stimulus over the other?
preferential looking
Behavior that is intended to benefit other people is called
prosocial behavior
________ uses established rules to draw conclusions, whereas in ________, such rules are not established, and we may not know the consequences of evaluating and choosing alternatives.
reasoning/decision making
Multiple choice exams involve testing a student's ________ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing ________ abilities
recognition/recall
Minutes before her biology test, Katie tries to learn the definition of "osmosis" from her class notes. She repeats the definition over and over again in her mind until she is confident that she will remember it. Which of the following methods is Katie using to help her memorize the definition?
rehearsal
If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple administrations but it doesn't accurately measure intelligence, then the test is ________ but not ________.
reliable; valid
If a child is in Piaget's preoperational stage of development, which of the following tasks is the child most likely to perform?
represent the world with words and images
A prototype is a
representation of the average or ideal member of a concept
Janel was sexually abused by her uncle when she was five years old. This experience was so devastating and traumatic that she removed the memory from her conscious awareness. This is an example of a(n)
repressed memory
Males experience a refractory period during the ________ phase of the human sexual-response pattern.
resolution
Tim and Margaret are enjoying a picnic on the edge of a large forest. Suddenly, a huge black bear invades their space and heads for the picnic basket. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, the couple will
run and experience the emotion of fear as a result of the physical changes in their bodies
Self-efficacy refers to
self-efficacy refers to
Although ________ is rich and detailed, we lose the information in it quickly unless we use certain strategies that transfer it into other memory systems
sensory memory
Cathy just got transferred to a new department, but she has long believed that her new supervisor is a cranky, disagreeable, critical person. According to the confirmation bias, what will Cathy most likely do on her first day in the new supervisor's department?
she will look for negative behaviors on the part of the supervisor
Maria is extremely active in politics. She has strong conservative beliefs about what is correct and what is not. Each day when she reads the newspaper, she pays close attention to the editorial section in particular. According to the confirmation bias, what will she do when she reads them?
she will read the editorials that she agrees with, but not the ones that she disagrees with
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?
short-term memory
According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following frames of mind describes the ability to think three-dimensionally?
spatial
Heuristics and algorithms differ in terms of their
speed of processing
The strange situation test is used to assess an infant's
style of attachment
________ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time
sustained attention
The ________ calms the body.
sympathetic nervous
The sentence "The bicycle talked the boy into buying a candy bar" is
syntactically correct but semantically incorrect
________ refers to a language's rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences.
syntax
A(n) ________ is any agent that causes a birth defect.
teratogen
Which of the following brain structures plays a central role in the experience of fear?
the amygdala
Which of the following is true of brain structures and memory functions in long-term memory?
the amygdala, a part of the limbic system, is involved in emotional memories
Which of the following statements is true of prenatal development in humans?
the beginnings of organs appear during the embryonic period
According to ________, the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on an individual's attention and ability to build resources.
the broaden-and-build model
Which of the following is true of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
the capacity of the visuo-spatial sketchpad is limited
According to ________, memory for pictures is better than memory for words
the dual-code hypothesis
Which of the following statements is true of teratogens?
the effects of chemical teratogens depend on the timing of exposure
The broaden-and-build model begins with
the influence of positive emotions on cognitive processing
Which of the following is true according to self-determination theory?
the needs emphasized in the self-determination theory primarily concern personal growth rather than the filling of deficiencies
Autonomy refers to
the sense that one is in control of one's own life
Which of the following is true of creative thinkers?
they may use established criteria to make judgments
Flexibility, inner motivation, and willingness to face risk are characteristics of people who
think creatively
The type of effortful retrieval associated with a person's feeling that he or she knows something (say, a word or a name) but cannot quite pull it out of memory is known as
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, the first 18 months of life are devoted to mastering which developmental task?
trust vs. mistrust
After Bungee jumping, David's nervous system signals the production of large amounts of epinephrine which causes high arousal. During this time, he notices a beautiful woman and cognitively interprets his excitement as attraction toward the woman. This exemplifies the concept of the
two-factor theory
The ________ of an emotion refers to whether it feels pleasant or unpleasant. The ________ of an emotion is the degree to which the emotion is reflected in an individual's being active, engaged, or excited versus more passive, relatively disengaged, or calm.
valence/arousal level
