Psychology Exam 2

Which letters correspond to the four elements of modeling from Bandura's theory?

AMID

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of the total amount of sleep that an individual receives as a function of age?

As we age, we tend to get less sleep.

Which of the following statements is true concerning cocaine use in the United States?

At one time, cocaine was an ingredient in Coca-Cola.

For years, parents have wondered whether physical discipline of their children (spanking, for example) was an effective and acceptable practice. What findings from many research studies have promoted the idea that spanking a child may be a bad idea?

Children who were spanked at the age of 3 showed more aggressive tendencies by the age of 5.

discovered by Ivan Pavlov, focused on observable, measurable behavior

Classical conditioning

sedative effects; barbiturates(major tranquilizer), Benzodiazepines(minor tranquilizer), valium, Xanax, Halcion, Ativan, Librium, Rohypnol, Alcohol

Depressants

Which of the following neurotransmitters are associated with alcohol?

GABA

Which learning theorist is responsible for the discovery of conditioned taste aversions?

Garcia

The idea of a "hidden observer" part of the mind was suggested by ________.

Hilgard

Which of the following statements is correct concerning what hypnosis CANNOT do?

Hypnosis cannot give a person superhuman strength.

worked with chimpanzees; set up a problem situation

Kohler

Each of the following is a sleep disorder EXCEPT ________.

REM rebound

Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of expectancy?

Rescorla

Which of the following statements is CORRECT concerning the concept of sex and dreams?

Research reports that men and women differ in the things they dream about.

originally studied escape and avoidance learning in dogs

Seligman

led field of behaviorism after Watson

Skinner

Sleep research supports three of the following helpful hints. Which statement is NOT accurate?

Sleeping pills help cure insomnia.

The stage of sleep in which delta waves begin to appear is ________ sleep.

Stage 3 (N3)

increased function of the nervous system; amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine

Stimulants

Who was one of the first researchers to explore and outline the laws of voluntary responses?

Thorndike

first to study learning of voluntary responses

Thorndike

worked with rats in a maze; suggested animals form a cognitive map of the physical layout of the maze

Tolman

In Pavlov's classic experiments, the repeated presentations of the metronome along with the food formed the ________ step of the classical conditioning process.

acquisition

dreams are product of random signals (activation), with the brain forming explanation of signals based on memories and other information(synthesis)

activation-synthesis hypothesis

An operant conditioning technique in which a learner gains conscious control over his or her own biological response is ________.

biofeedback

Neurofeedback, a newer type of biofeedback, involves trying to change ________.

brain wave activity

Our awareness of various mental processes, such as making decisions, daydreaming, reflecting, and concentrating, is called ________.

conciousness

CPAP stands for ________.

continuous positive airway pressure

The activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming states that ________.

dreams are merely another kind of thinking; dreams occur because of random brain stem signals

When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, the CR will "die out" in a process called ________.

extinction

Unlike other schedules of reinforcement, ________ results in a "scalloped" pattern of responses on a cumulative frequency graph.

fixed interval

Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate?

fixed ratio

Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people.

food

Hypnosis cannot

give increased strength, reliably enhance memory, regress people to an earlier age or an earlier life

If you have been waking up too early for several weeks, you are probably suffering from ________.

insomnia

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ________.

latent learning

learning occurs but behavior not manifested until organism has reason to demonstrate it

latent learning

Heroin addiction has been treated with ________.

methadone

euphoria-producing and pain relieving drugs derived from opium; morphine, heroin, methadone(does not produce euphoria; used to treat heroin addiction)

narcotics

Hypnosis can

produce, amnesia, reduce pain, alter sensory impressions, help people relax

A discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that ________.

provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages is called ________.

sleep apnea

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called ________.

stimulus generalization