Psychology exam three

How many different scales are used to compile a profile from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

10

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?

Freudian slip

Which statement about groupthink is correct?

Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?

Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

Which individual is probably not living in a culture that promotes a collectivist view of the world?

James, who lives in England

Which of the following is something an advocate for arousal theory might observe?

When we are bored we look for excitement; when we are overexcited we wish for more peace.

The need for ________ might explain why we "friend" people on social media websites, join clubs or hobby groups, and spend time with others when we might otherwise feel like being by ourselves.

affiliation

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

an internal locus of control

Mercy has maintained her body weight far below what is healthy through starvation and constant exercise. Despite her drastically thin appearance, Mercy genuinely believes that she is overweight, often referring to herself as "fat." Mercy probably suffers from ________.

anorexia nervosa

Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use

Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other and have an active and satisfying sex life, and are each deeply committed to supporting each other. They share ________ love.

consummate

What is the main idea of drive theory?

deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that then push us to behave

A(n) ________ is a subjective, affective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

emotion, mood

When Jacob came home from work upset about a disagreement he'd had with his boss, his wife Jodi sat down to listen to him. She imagined the argument that had occurred, and tried to understand how her husband was feeling. Jodi is demonstrating a high level of ________.

empathy

If you suggest that smiling can make someone feel happier, then you believe in the ________.

facial feedback hypothesis

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

fine

Which type of persuasion approach involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?

foot-in-the-door technique

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she is just a nasty person, and does not consider that she may just have had a bad day and is venting. Lee is demonstrating ________.

fundamental attribution error

________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.

group polarization

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.

high self-efficacy

Sweating and shivering are responses created due to internal temperature fluctuations, and they are designed to bring the body back into ________.

homeostasis

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development.

identity vs. confusion

A(n) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

inferiority

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs despair

Which option is best described as a hormone that induces feelings of satiety, or fullness when eating?

leptin

Research has found that the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala, both of which are part of the ________, are brain areas that are particularly important in sexual motivation.

limbic system

Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________.

milestones

Otto is so driven to become a school psychologist that he spends every night studying. This sentence describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal, also called ________.

motivation

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. Which of Karen Horney's coping strategy is Marcos using?

moving against people

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?

object permanence

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

Within the field of social psychology, a script is defined as a ________.

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

Galen used the terms calm, reliable, and thoughtful to describe a ________ person.

phlegmatic

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

physical

Food, water, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

physiological

According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of two factors: ________.

physiological and cognitive

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

secure

What was responsible for the development of the indigenous model of studying the cultural context of personality?

the dominance of Western approaches to studying personality in non-Western cultures

Of the following options, which is not one of the temperaments first proposed by Thomas and Chess (1977)?

the secure baby

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. In Erikson's developmental theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development?

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law?

Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

Jude is a man who is emotionally and sexually attracted to both men and women, although he tends to date only one person at a time and prefers monogamous relationships. Jude is ________.

bisexual

Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about others behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede other's success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don't want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) ________ trait for Johanna.

cardinal

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love.

companionate

During Piaget's proposed ________ stage of development, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. At the same time they lack the ability to think abstractly.

concrete operational

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

congruence

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

gross

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

heritability

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.

normative

Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. His body mass index, or BMI, is 42.7. According to the standards set by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Greg is ________.

obese

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught and he'd get punished by his parents. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________.

prejudice

Ross has learned that he has Parkinson's disease, and that in time he will lose some of his cognitive faculties. He and his wife have a lawyer draw up a document that names her a health care ________ who will be able to make medical decisions for Ross when he is unable to do so for himself.

proxy

Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has a high level of ________.

reciprocity

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

regression

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

schemata

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies.

sensorimotor

The ________ theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change.

set point

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.

Asch

Who was the first theorist to explore the idea that the way we appraise a situation would influence the type of emotion that we'd experience in response to that event?

Magda Arnold

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?

Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

What is the main point of the quizmaster study?

People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ________.

Philip Zimbardo

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

archetype

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.

assimilation

Dr. Korkolos is a surgeon who conducts procedures that modify a patient's gastrointestinal system so that they can only eat or absorb a limited amount of food. Dr. Korkolos's expertise is in ________ surgery.

bariatric

The ________ complex is the part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory.

basolateral

Which individual produced volumes that discussed sexual behavior among Americans in a way that had never before been made public, research that was not happily received by all who read it?

Kinsey

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?

Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

disorganized

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes?

formal operational