Psychology Final

Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation?

+0.2

When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline?

1800s

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences

A persons unconscious

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot?

Afterimage

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.

Alpha

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.

Amygdala

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

Another persons consciousness

Critical thinking is ________.

Applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe?

Audition

What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram's obedience research?

Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure.

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter.

Basic survival needs

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.

Beta-endorphin

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________.

Between -1 and +1

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

Case studies

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.

Changes in normal bodily function

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

Chromosomes; DNA

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

Circadian

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

Circadian rhythm

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

Conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle.

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

Cones

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

Confirmation bias

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

Continuous

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.

Control Group

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________.

Cornea; pupil

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________

Darkness; light

A major advantage of case studies is ________.

Detailed information

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?

Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?

Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates

According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is ________.

Effectively a dissociated state of consciousness

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts?

Empirical studies

Sleep apnea is defined by ________.

Episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

Explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of ________ stimuli.

External

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________.

Fast; long lasting

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.

Folds; grooves

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.

Genetics

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

Gestalt

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.

Gestalt psychology

________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds.

High; lows

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

Higher order

What is described by the concept of perception?

How sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

Hypothalamus

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?

Hypothesis

The ________is also known as the anvil.

Incus

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

Independent; dependent

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

The sleep debt is the result of ________.

Insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results.

Is large and randomly selected

Behaviorists study ________.

Learned Behavior

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

Learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

Learning

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.

Lower; higher

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception.

Motivation

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.

Narcolepsy

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

Negative reinforcement

When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait.

Neuroticism

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

Neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

Observational

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

Optic

Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception?

Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.

Pituitary

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

Primary

________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.

Reliability

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

Green et al. used a ________ from their ________ of interest in order to make a ________.

Sample; population; generalization

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________.

Scientific Method

Psychology refers to the ________.

Scientific study of the mind

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?

Sigmund Freud

Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality?

Sigmund Freud

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.

Signal detection

Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________.

Since birth

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

Smelling cookies in the oven

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

Somatic

Sleepwalking is also referred to as ________.

Somnambulism

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

Stimulant

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.

Studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________.

Suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

Surveys

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

Sympathetic

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

Synapse

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

Terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________.

The use of reinforcement and punishment

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

Theory

Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design?

They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured.

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?

They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

Tolerance

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

Top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

Transduction

Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Ultraviolet

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

Unconditioned response

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________.

Undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

Usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

Validity

Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke?

Wernicke's area

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology?

Whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research?

Whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________.

more than just one gene

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior