Psychology Final
availability heuristic
events that are more easily remembered are judged to be more probable than events that are less easily remembered
generation effect
generating material yourself, rather than passively receiving it, enhances learning and retention
ex of heuristic
grouping of words into phrases governed by this processing mechanism
recency effect
tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well
spacing effect
the advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying
system 2
the deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking. Not always active
system 1
the intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking
inferences
unconscious assumptions
constructive nature of memory
what people report as memories are constructed based on what actually ahpepend plus additional factors
context-dependent memory
when the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation
chunking what does it increase the ability of?
Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory. ability to hold inofrmation in STM
implicit memory
Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously
example of bottom-up processing
Nose smells something funky (response in body) --> repulsion (emotion)
example of top-down processing
Seeing a sign that has missing letters (sensory), but still being able to make out the words because of PRIOR knowledge
depth of processing
The idea that the processing that occurs as an item is being encoded into memory can be deep or shallow
speed-accuracy trade off
The tendency for accuracy to decrease as the movement speed or velocity of a movement increases and vice versa
experts, organizing
___ in a field usually solve prolems faster with a higher success rate than do novices, due to ____ knowledge differently.
false
___ memories arise from the same constructive process that produces true memories.
working, short-term
____ memory refers to the processes that are used to temporarily store, organize, and manipulate information. ____ memory, on the other hand, refers only to the temporary storage of information in memory.
exemplars
actual members of the category that a person has encountered in the past.
bottom-up processing
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
prototypes
average of members of a category that are commonly experiences. Not an actual member, but "average" rep
conscious processing
awareness is focused on a particular stimulus while ignoring others (selective attention)
top-down processing
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
semantic memory
memories for facts
self-reference effect
memory for a word is imrpoved by relating the word to the self
episodic memory
memory for events in persons life
explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
ex of availability heuristic
participants rating less likely causes of death
factors that influence eyewitness testimony
perception and attention-ex: weapons focus misidentifications due to familiarity-bystander mistakenly id'd as perpetrator due to context familiarity suggestion
A type of implicit (not conscious memory) that occurs when a presentation of ones stimulus changes the way a person responds to another stimulus.
priming
unconscious processing
processing of perception, memory, learning, thought, and language without being aware of it
context reinstatement
re-creating the context present during learning, improves memory performance
the recency effect is attributed to
recall of information still active in STM
the primacy effect is attributed to
recall of information stored in LTM.
testing effect
repeatedly testing yourself on material you are studying pays dividends in improved memory
example of implicit memory
riding a bike
heuristics
rule of thumb applied rapidly to make a decision.
Example of priming
seeing the word bird may cause you to respond more quickly to a later presentation of the word bird than to a word you have not seen
example of constructive nature of memory
source monitoring--process of determining the origins of our memories, knowledge, or beliefs
primacy effect
tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well