Psychology Final

availability heuristic

events that are more easily remembered are judged to be more probable than events that are less easily remembered

generation effect

generating material yourself, rather than passively receiving it, enhances learning and retention

ex of heuristic

grouping of words into phrases governed by this processing mechanism

recency effect

tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

spacing effect

the advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying

system 2

the deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking. Not always active

system 1

the intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking

inferences

unconscious assumptions

constructive nature of memory

what people report as memories are constructed based on what actually ahpepend plus additional factors

context-dependent memory

when the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation

chunking what does it increase the ability of?

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory. ability to hold inofrmation in STM

implicit memory

Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

example of bottom-up processing

Nose smells something funky (response in body) --> repulsion (emotion)

example of top-down processing

Seeing a sign that has missing letters (sensory), but still being able to make out the words because of PRIOR knowledge

depth of processing

The idea that the processing that occurs as an item is being encoded into memory can be deep or shallow

speed-accuracy trade off

The tendency for accuracy to decrease as the movement speed or velocity of a movement increases and vice versa

experts, organizing

___ in a field usually solve prolems faster with a higher success rate than do novices, due to ____ knowledge differently.

false

___ memories arise from the same constructive process that produces true memories.

working, short-term

____ memory refers to the processes that are used to temporarily store, organize, and manipulate information. ____ memory, on the other hand, refers only to the temporary storage of information in memory.

exemplars

actual members of the category that a person has encountered in the past.

bottom-up processing

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information

prototypes

average of members of a category that are commonly experiences. Not an actual member, but "average" rep

conscious processing

awareness is focused on a particular stimulus while ignoring others (selective attention)

top-down processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

semantic memory

memories for facts

self-reference effect

memory for a word is imrpoved by relating the word to the self

episodic memory

memory for events in persons life

explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

ex of availability heuristic

participants rating less likely causes of death

factors that influence eyewitness testimony

perception and attention-ex: weapons focus misidentifications due to familiarity-bystander mistakenly id'd as perpetrator due to context familiarity suggestion

A type of implicit (not conscious memory) that occurs when a presentation of ones stimulus changes the way a person responds to another stimulus.

priming

unconscious processing

processing of perception, memory, learning, thought, and language without being aware of it

context reinstatement

re-creating the context present during learning, improves memory performance

the recency effect is attributed to

recall of information still active in STM

the primacy effect is attributed to

recall of information stored in LTM.

testing effect

repeatedly testing yourself on material you are studying pays dividends in improved memory

example of implicit memory

riding a bike

heuristics

rule of thumb applied rapidly to make a decision.

Example of priming

seeing the word bird may cause you to respond more quickly to a later presentation of the word bird than to a word you have not seen

example of constructive nature of memory

source monitoring--process of determining the origins of our memories, knowledge, or beliefs

primacy effect

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well