psychology final

In memory theory, the term ____________ means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information.

repress

Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called ____________ by social cognitive theorists.

self-efficacy theorists

General knowledge (or knowledge for facts) is referred to as ___________.

semantic memory

Excessive fear of public speaking is a common _____________.

social anxiety disorder (aka Social Phobia).

_________ tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals.

Individualists

__________ is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so.

Infantile amnesia

According to Freud, which of the following is true about the id?

It demands instant gratification without consideration of other people.

Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?

It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive".

What is true about explicit memory?

It is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained.

A multiple-choice test question is what type of retrieval process?

Recognition

In short-term memory, an image tends to fade after __________ if it is not repeated or rehearsed.

10-12 seconds.

In North America, _____________________ is used to diagnose and categorized psychological disorders.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-V)

Which of the following tests is an example of an objective personality test?

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

____________ are reasonable stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior.

Traits

What is true about the storage of information in long-term memory?

We tend to organize information according to a hierarchical structure.

According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism, ______________, agreeableness, and openness to experience.

conscientiousness

In Freud's psychodynamic theory, ____________ is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious ideas.

repression

Parents can help children develop self-esteem when they show them ____________ regard, or when they accept them as having intrinsic merit regardless of their behavior at the moment.

unconditional positive

In psychological testing, _____________ refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

validity

____________ are memories of events that happen to a person or that take a person . in the person's presence.

Episodic memories

___________ is characterized by feelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least six months' duration with no identifiable trigger stimulus.

Generalized anxiety disorder

____________ is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience.

Observational learning

__________ refers to the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another.

Personality

Some people suffer from anxiety attacks with symptoms such as shortness of breath and an uncomfortable feeling (sometimes feeling like they are going to die). Often these episodes may eve look like a heart attack. They are diagnosed with having _______________.

Panic disorder

Nicholas develops a new assessment tool to measure the psychological concept of extraversion. He finds that individuals who take the test repeatedly tend to score similarly each time. Which dimension of assessment has Nicholas established?

Reliability

In the context of organization in long-term memory, a(n) __________ is an arrangement of items into groups or classes according to the common or distinct features.

hierarchy

Memory that is suggested but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people do but not state clearly, is known as _________.

implicit memory

The levels-of-processing model of memory holds that memories tend to be retrained when information is processed __________ _________.

more deeply

Extreme, irrational fears of objects and situations, such as hypodermic needles and public speaking are examples of __________.

phobias.

Information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned, is known as ___________.

state-dependent memory

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ___________ functions according to the moral principle.

superego

The ________ is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon